Chromosome structure

• What is the name of the structure at the center of the chromosome?

  Centromere
• What is the purpose of the telomeres at the ends of the chromosomes?

  • Telomeres protect the ends of chromosomes from damage and degradation
  • They help maintain the integrity of the genetic material during cell division
• What is the name of the structure labeled as "Telomere" in the image?

  Telomere
• How are sister chromatids connected in a chromosome?

  They are connected at the centromere
• What are the main parts of a chromosome?

  • Short arm
  • Long arm
  • Centromere
  • Telomeres
• Where do sister chromatids meet on a chromosome?

  At the centromere
• What is the name of the structure labeled as "Chromatin" in the image?

  Chromatin
• What are the main parts of a chromosome?

  Telomeres, centromere, sister chromatids
• What are chromatids?

  • Chromatids are the two identical copies of a chromosome that are joined at the centromere.
  • They separate and become individual chromosomes during cell division.
• What structure forms when DNA wraps around histone proteins?

  Nucleosomes
• How does the centromere function during cell division?

  It acts as the attachment point for spindle fibers
• What is the significance of DNA in chromosomes?

  It contains important instructions for building you
• What is the final structure formed from the condensation of DNA?

  Chromosome
• What are chromosomes?

  Thread-like structures in the nucleus
• If a cell has a duplicated chromosome, how would it divide to produce two genetically identical daughter cells?

  • The duplicated chromosome would separate at the centromere
  • Each sister chromatid would then be pulled to opposite poles of the cell
  • This would result in two genetically identical daughter cells, each with one copy of the chromosome
• What are the main parts of a chromosome?

  • Telomere
  • Centromere
  • Chromatid
• What is the function of telomeres in a chromosome?

  They act as protective caps at each end
• How does the structure of the DNA molecule relate to the organization of chromatin in the nucleus?

  The DNA molecule is wrapped around histone proteins to form nucleosomes, which then fold into the higher-order chromatin structure
• What is the main difference between the number of chromosomes in a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell?

  Prokaryotes have only one chromosome, while eukaryotes have two or more different chromosomes
• What is the main difference between the DNA molecule in a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell?

  Prokaryotes have a circular DNA molecule, while eukaryotes have a linear DNA molecule
• Why is the centromere important for cell division?

  It ensures proper attachment of spindle fibers
• What are sister chromatids?

  Two copies of the instructions
• What is the name of the structure shown in the center of the image?

  Interphase chromatin
• What is the name of the central region of a chromosome?

  Centromere
• What is the role of plasmids in prokaryotic cells?

  • Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules found in prokaryotic cells
  • They often carry genes that provide additional functions, like antibiotic resistance
  • Plasmids can be transferred between prokaryotic cells, allowing the spread of beneficial genes
• What enzymes does euchromatin allow access for?

  Transcription enzymes like RNA polymerase
• What is the name of the structure at the end of the chromosome?

  Telomere
• What is the difference between the short arms and long arms of a chromosome?

  • The short arms are the shorter of the two arms of the chromosome.
  • The long arms are the longer of the two arms of the chromosome.
• How do telomeres and centromeres differ in function on a chromosome?

  Telomeres protect ends; centromeres connect chromatids
• How do the telomeres change during cell division?

  The telomeres become shorter with each cell division, eventually leading to cell senescence and aging.
• What is DNA packaged around?

  Histone proteins
• What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in terms of plasmids?

  Prokaryotes often have plasmids, while eukaryotes do not have plasmids
• If a cell needs to express a certain gene, which type of chromatin would that gene be located in?

  Euchromatin
• Do prokaryotes have plasmids?

  Yes, plasmids are present
• What is heterochromatin?

  The silent form of chromatin
• What effect does heterochromatin have on gene expression?

  It blocks access to transcription enzymes
• If a chromosome is missing or has an extra copy of a chromatid, what type of genetic disorder could this cause?

  Aneuploidy, such as Down syndrome or Turner syndrome
• What is the relationship between the two chromosomes shown?

  • The two chromosomes are identical, forming a duplicated chromosome
  • They are connected at the centromere and have sister chromatids
• What are sister chromatids?

  Two identical copies created during replication
• What are the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

  • Prokaryotes have circular DNA, eukaryotes have linear DNA
  • Prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles, eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles
  • Prokaryotes have a single chromosome, eukaryotes have multiple chromosomes
  • Prokaryotes lack a true nucleus, eukaryotes have a true nucleus
  • Prokaryotes have naked DNA, eukaryotes have DNA associated with histone proteins