urinalysis

• quality assessment refers to overall process of guaranteeing quality patient care and is regulated throughtout the total testing system
• QA is the continual monitoring of the entire test process from test ordering and specimen collection through reporting an interpreting results
• pinakagoal ng quality assessment is to ensure the validity of the result
• quality system refers to all of the laboratory's policies, processes, procedures, and resources needed to achieve quality testing
• TAT (turnaround time) is defined as the amount of time required from the patient at which a test is ordered by the health-care provider until the results are reported to the health care-provider.
• examination variables are the processes that directly affect the testing of specimens.
• preexamination variables occur before the actual testing of the specimen.
• reagent strip should be checked against known negative and positive control solutions on each shift or at a minimum once a day, and whenever a new bottle is opened.
• instrumentation and equipment are most frequently encountered instruments; refractometers, osmometers, automated reagent strips reader, and automated microscopy instruments.
• no patient's testing may be performed until QC is acceptable.
• temperatures should be taken daily and recorded.
• calibration of centrifuges performed every 3 months.
• microscopes are kept clean at all times and have an annual proifessional cleaning.
• deionized water used for reagent preparation is quality controlled by checking pH and purity meter resistance on a weekly basis and the becaterial count on a monthly schedule.
• quality control refers to the materials, procedure, and techniques that monitor the accuracy, precision, and the reliabilityof a laboratory test.
• quality control ensures that acceptable standards are met during the process of patient testing
• QC materials should be realistic and detects critical value.
• integrity of the specimen is not checked by the Quality Control materials.
• external quality control are used to verify the accuracy and precisionof a test and are exposed to the same conditions as the patient samples.
• reliability is the ability to maintain both precision and accuracy
• mean is the average of all the data points
• standard deviation is a measurement statistic that describes the average distance each data point in a normal point in a normal distribution is from the mean.
• coefficient of variation is the SD expressed as a percentage of the mean.
• chard used in microscopy: Levy jennings
• control range is determined by setting confidence limits that are within +/-2 SD (95.5%) or +/-3SD (99.7%) of the mean.
• trend is the gradual changing in the mean in one direction.

  shift is the abrupt change in the mean.
• internal/procedural quality control monitors the sufficient addition of a patient specimen or reagent, the instruments/reagents interaction and for lateral flow test methods.
• proficiency testing (PT or EQA) is the testing of unkown samples received from an outside agency, and provides unbiased validation of the quality of patient test results.
• postexamination variables are processes that affect the reporting of results and correct interpretation of data
• electronic transmission is now the most common method for reporting results.
• delta check is used to discover errors and compares the patient's test results with the previous results.
• renal functions:

  • renal blood flow
  • glomerular filtration rate
  • tubular reabsorption
  • tubular secretion
• presence of RBC is one of the most common cause of abnormal urine color
• color represents the concentration of the urine
• urochrome is the product of endogenous metabolism and presence of this suggests thyroid conditions, fasting, long standing specimen
• thundicum discovered urochrome
• uroerythrin is the pink pigment most evident in refrigerated specimens that attaches to urate and uric acid
• urobilin is an oxidation product of urobilinogen
• urobilin color = orange-brown
• urobilin indicates old specimen