functional group

• The carboxyl group (-COOH) is a functional group found in carboxylic acids.
• Esters have the general formula ROCOR', where R' can be H or an organic radical.
• Aldehydes have the general formula RCHO, while ketones have the general formula RCOR'.
• Carbonyl groups are present in aldehydes, ketones, esters, amides, lactams, and nitriles.
• Organic/Carbon Chemistry is the study of compounds based on carbon chains.
• Most of these compounds also contain hydrogen, and many also contain oxygen or other elements.
• Many drugs are all carbon compounds.
• The functional group represents that part of the molecule, which confers a characteristic type of reactivity upon the compound, and effectively determines the compound's chemical properties.
• Molecules contain carbon and hydrogen only, and include Alkanes (C n H 2 n+ 2) (烷), Alkenes (C n H 2 n) (烯), Alkynes (C n H 2 n-2) (炔), and Aromatic hydrocarbons (芳香 族).
• Acebutolol Hydrochloride is also a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with analgesic and antipyretic effects.
• Fluorophenbutamine has been withdrawn from the market since 1997.
• Glycerol suppositories contain fluorophenbutamine, which is an anti-obesity medicine but causes heart valve disease, specifically cardiac fibrosis.
• Acebutolol Hydrochloride is a beta-blocker anti-hypertensive drug.
• Ephedrine is used as a flavoring agent in foods, beverages, and pharmaceuticals.
• Fluorophenbutamine is also used as a nasal decongestant.
• Someone claimed that ephedrine would cause some cardiovascular diseases.
• Alkanes are hydrocarbons, examples include CH 4 or CH 3 CH 2 CH 3 CH 3 CH 2 CH 3 Methane Propane 2-Methylpropane.
• Alkenes are formed by the formation of a C=C double bond, examples include CH 2 =CH 2 Ethene CH 3 - CH 2 =CH 2 Propene.
• Alcohols have the general formula R - O - R.
• Carboxylic acids have the general formula C O R O H or RCOOH or RCO 2 H.
• Examples of carboxylic acids include Methanoic acid, Ethanonic acid (Acetic acid), and Benzoic acid.
• Carboxylic acid derivatives include Structure Name, Acid chloride, Acid anhydride, Ester, and Amide.
• Halogenohydrocarbons, also known as Alkyl Halides, are obtained by substituting any - H group(s) in a hydrocarbon skeleton by one or more halogen atoms (i.e. Cl, Br, I etc.).
• Methoxymethane is an example of an alcohol.
• Ketones have all their carbonyl groups attached to alkyl groups, with the general formula C O R R' or C O R' R.
• Aldehydes and Ketones contain the carbonyl group.
• Aldehydes, also known as Alkanals, have their carbonyl group bonded to at least one hydrogen atom.
• Ethers have the formula C O R.
• Alkynes are formed by the formation of a C  C triple bond, examples include CH 3 C C H Ethyne Propyne.
• Aromatic hydrocarbons, such as Benzene (苯), are typical examples.
• The structure of Benzene is C C C C C C H H H H H, usually written as or or C 6 H 6.
• Benzene derivatives include Chlorobenzene, 1,2-Dibromobenzene.
• Aliphatic alcohols are classified into three groups: primary (1 °), secondary (2 °) and tertiary (3 °) alcohols.
• Examples of secondary (2°) amines include CH3CH2NHCH2CH2 (Ethylamine), CH3CH2N(CH2CH2)2 (N-Ethylethanamine), and CH3CH(CH2CH2)N(CH2CH2)2 (CH3CH2N,N-Ethylethanamine).
• Dot structure shows clearly the number of valence electrons and the way that they are shared.
• Dash formula shows the way atoms are attached to one another and they are easier to write.
• Condensed formula is easier to write, and when we are accustomed to it, it will also impart all the information implied in the dot and dash formulae.
• Examples of tertiary (3°) amines include CH3CH2N(CH2)2 (Ethylpropylamine), CH3CH(CH2)N(CH2)2 (N-Ethylpropylamine), and CH3CH(CH2)N(CH2)2 (CH3CH2N,N-Ethylpropylamine).
• Examples of primary (1°) amines include CH3CH2NH2 (Ethanamine), CH3CH2N(CH3)2 (N-Methylethanamine), and CH3CH(CH3)2N(CH3)2 (CH3CH2N,N-Dimethylethanamine).
• Bond-line formula is the easiest of all to write as it shows only the carbon skeleton.