Unit 4 - Solution Concentration & Stoichiometry

• Molarity


  the number of moles of solute per liter of solution
• When diluting an acidic solution, what should you know?

  Add acid to water - do whatcha oughta, add acid to wata :)
• What are the seven strong acids?

  HBr, HI, HCl, HNO3, HClO3, H2SO4, HClO4
• When diluting an acid, what should you do?

  Add acid to water
• Dilution equation

  M initial x V initial = M final x V final
• standard solution


  a solution of known concentration
• equivalence point

  the point at which stoichiometrically correct number of moles of each reactant have been used
• end point


  the point in a titration at which an indicator changes color
• titration

  process in which a solution of known concentration is used to determine the concentration of another solution
• The two methods for determining the concentration of ions is a newly produced mixture

  Moles method and Dilution Method
• moles method equation


  mol = M*L
• dilution method equation


  (M1)(V1) = (M2)(V2)
• titrations when reaction is not 1:1

  coefficients of the equation must be considered
• Salts


  ionic compounds formed when acids react with bases
• Acid and base reaction


  creates water and salt
• net ionic equations


  - An equation that has has the spectator ions removed
• REDOX

  - Involve the transfer of electrons between reactants and products- In every REDOX reaction, one reactant is reduced and one is oxidized
• Oxidation Reaction


  - The loss of electrons by a substance
• Reduction Reaction


  - The gain of electrons by a substance
• Molarity (M) =

  moles of solute/liters of solution (mol/L)
• limiting reactant


  the substance that is totally consumed when the reaction is completed (smallest number)
• exothermic


  all acid/base reactions
• short-change


  what is good to do with water because you can always add more?
• MV=MV


  formula for titration if mole ratio is 1:1
• formula of the compound


  What is used to determine the concentration of each ion in an electrolyte? (ex. Cl2)
• mol L^-1


  AP's version of writing molarity; M or mol/L=?
• Volumetric Flask


  Has 1 Graduation

  
• pseudo charge


  Kind of charge for molecular compounds.
• F O N Cl

  Fluorine, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Chlorine are the big 4 of electronegativity
• Strong Acids and Strong Bases

  Break up 100%
• Solution Stoichiomestry


  stoichiometry problems with use of the molarity definition
• Expressing the Concentration of an Electrolyte

  Use the formula of the compound to determine the concentration of each ion.
• Solute


  A substance that is dissolved in a solution.
• Solvent


  A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances
• Electrolyte


  substance that produces an electrically conducting solution when dissolved in a polar solvent
• Mixture


  When two or more solutions are mixed or a solid is added to an existing solution.
• Equivalence Point


  Point in which stoichiometrically correct moles of reactant have been used.
• End Point


  the point where the indicator changes color
• Why do we use different indicators for different titrations?

  You choose an indicator that changes color near the equivalence point.
• Standard solution


  a solution of known concentration