Cells

• Atoms make up molecules which make up organelles which make up cells which make up tissue which make up organs which make up organ systems which make up the organism.
• All living things are composed of cells.
• The cell is the basic unit of structure and function.
• All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
• Both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes have ribosomes, DNA, a cell membrane, and cytoplasms.
• Bacteria and Archaea are Prokaryotic.
• Plants, Animals, Fungi, and Protists are all Eukaryotic.
• Prokaryotes do not have membrane bound organelles.
• Eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles.
• Prokaryotes are smaller.
• Eukaryotes are larger.
• Larger organisms (Eukaryotes) do not have larger cells, just more cells.
• The larger the surface to volume ratio the more efficiently processes occur.
• Eukaryotes can be larger than Prokaryotes because of compartmentalization.
• Compartmentalization is when Eukaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles allowing for opposing reactions to occur at the same time.
• All organisms have ribosomes.
• Vacuole in Prokaryotes is used for storage of water, food, and wastes.
• In Eukaryotes, the Vacuole is central and stores large amounts of water in plants.
• Ribosomes in both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes are the site of protein synthesis, can be free or bound to rough ER, and are the only non-membrane bound organelles.
• Smooth ER in both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes is involved in synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, and detoxification of drugs and toxins (liver).
• Rough ER in both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes stores and packages proteins made by ribosomes on rough ER.
• Nucleolus in both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes is a dense center portion of the nucleus where rRNA is made.
• Nucleus in both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes contains most of the genes (hereditary information) within a eukaryotic cell, directs protein synthesis through instructions found within DNA, and has nuclear pores (RNA exits through).
• Nuclear Envelope/Membrane in both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes is a double membrane that controls what enters and exits the nucleus, ER is around the nucleus.
• The cell wall prevents plant cell walls from bursting.
• Evidence for the endosymbiotic theory is that each organelle contains a circular strand of DNA like prokaryotes.
• Specialized arrangements of microtubules form Cilia and Flagella that both move chromosomes around and are involved in the mobility of sperm/unicellular organisms.
• Base sequence is amino acid sequence, which determines shape and function.
• The cytoskeleton is involved in the contractions involving Actin and Myosin, which are muscle cell proteins.
• Centrioles help organize microtubule assembly necessary for cell division in animals.
• Prokaryotic cells are different from Eukaryotic cells in that they have a single circular strand of DNA, have a cell wall, and replicate via binary fission.
• The cell is composed of Cellulose, Chitin, and Peptidoglycan.
• The endomembrane system includes the cell membrane/envelope, golgi, smooth/rough ER, vesicles, and lysosomes.
• The cytoskeleton is involved in shape and support and works together with motor proteins to provide cell movement.
• Microfilaments are very thin and support cell shape.
• Plasmodesmata are the openings in the cell wall.
• Intermediate filaments anchor cell organelles.
• Plants have chloroplasts, a call wall, and a central vacuole.
• Evidence for the endosymbiotic theory is that they have a double-membrane as if they were a cell that ate another cell with a membrane.
• The Endosymbiotic theory suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells were once independent prokaryotic cells.