AP Human Geography

• The word geography was invented by Ancient Greek scholar Eratosthenes
• A 2 dimensional or flat scale model of Earths surface is a map
• Science of map making is cartography
• Pei Xiu is the father of Chinese cartography
• Geography was based on 2 words geo and graphy which means earth and write
• Remote sensing is using satellite to get data or info from Earths surface
• Ptolemy produced maps that were not improved upon for more tahn 1000 years
• Location of a place relative to other places is situation
• Density is how much is in an area
• Space time compression is the reduction in the time it takes for something to reach another place
• Concentration is how concentrated or clustered something is with an area
• Formal aka uniform region is a region where everyone shares a common or 1 common distinctive characteristic
• Function aka nodal region is an area organized around a node
• Vernacular aka perceptual region is an area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity
• More accurate with coordinates, inaccurate with continent size, square shaped is the Mercator projection
• Climate is a long term weather condition
• Diffusion:

  Relocation diffusion

  3 types Expansion diffusion:

  1. Hierarchical diffusion
  2. Contagious diffusion
  3. Stimulus diffusion
• Doubling time is the time it takes for a population to double
• 2/3 of the world’s inhabitants are clustered in 4 regions
• The population clusters are East Asia, South Asia, Europe, and Southeast Asia
• The portion of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement is ecumene
• Total number of people divided by total number divided by total land area is arithmetic density
• Land suitable for agriculture is arable land
• Total people over total farmable land is physiological density
• The ratio of number of farmers to arable land amount of arable land is agricultural density
• Doubling population is the country‘s NIR divided by 72
• The average number of children a women will have in her childbearing years is (15-49) is TFR (total fertility rate)
• Infant mortality rate (IMR) is the number of deaths of childern under one year of age per 1000 live births.
• Special bar graph is known as a population pyramid
• • Dependency ratio is the number of people who are too young or too old to work, compared to the total number of people in their productive years
• Sex ratio is the number of males to 100 females
• ZPG is zero population growth
• Industrial revolution in Europe and North America

  Medical Revolution in Africa. Asia, and Latin America
• Thomas Mathus believed food grows arithmetically while human grew exponentially and that we would eventually run out of food, this was call the Mathisian crisis, but he was wrong because food took off due to the industrial revolution, and sense and continued to grow faster than humans
• • Wilber Zelinsky identified migration transition
• • MTM (migration transition model)
  • Stage 1of MTM is people migrate for search of food (goes with pastoral nomadism and transhumance)
  • Stage 2 of MTM is most common migration is international and rural to urban
  • Stage 3 & 4 of MTM is migration happens from urban centers to rural areas and can also still be international
• • Migration transition is a change in migration pattern in a society that results from the social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition
• • Wilber Zelinsky identified migration transition
• MTM (migration transition model)

  Stage 1 of MTM is people migrate for search of food (goes with pastoral nomadism and transhumance)

  Stage 2 of MTM is most common migration is international and rural to urban

  Stage 3 & 4 of MTM is migration happens from urban centers to rural areas and can also still be international
• • Migration transition is a change in migration pattern in a society that results from the social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition