organic chemistry

• What can be separated by fractional distillation?

  Mixtures of liquids with different boiling points
• What is the purpose of fractional distillation?

  To separate liquid mixtures based on boiling points
• What are the steps involved in fractional distillation?

  1. Heat the mixture
  2. Vapors rise through the column
  3. Vapors condense at different heights
  4. Collect liquids at different boiling points
• What happens to vapors during fractional distillation?

  They rise through the column and condense
• Where do vapors condense in fractional distillation?

  At different heights in the column
• What is the significance of temperature matching in fractional distillation?

  It allows collection of liquids at boiling points
• What should be collected during fractional distillation?

  Liquids at different boiling points
• What are the key components of fractional distillation?

  • Heat source to vaporize the mixture
  • Distillation column for vapor rise
  • Condenser for vapor cooling
  • Collection vessels for separated liquids
• What must be done to the mixture first?

  It must be heated at the bottom.
• What is the effect of heating the mixture at the bottom?

  It causes substances to vaporize and travel up.
• How does the temperature change affect the vaporous substances?

  The temperature decrease causes them to condense.
• What happens to the substances as they travel up the column?

  They condense at their boiling point.
• What allows different substances to be collected?

  Different boiling points of substances.
• Why is it important for substances to condense at different points?

  It allows for effective separation and collection.
• What is condensation polymerisation?

  Reactions involving monomers with two functional groups
• What happens during condensation polymerisation?

  Monomers join and lose small molecules like water
• What is cracking in organic chemistry?

  Breaking down larger hydrocarbons into smaller molecules
• What are the two methods of cracking?

  Catalytic cracking and steam cracking
• What does DNA encode?

  Genetic instructions for living organisms
• What is the structure of most DNA molecules?

  Two polymer chains in a double helix form
• What are esters produced from?

  A condensation reaction between carboxylic acid and alcohol
• What is fermentation?

  A chemical process breaking down glucose anaerobically
• What is produced during fermentation of sugar solutions?

  Ethanol
• What is fractional distillation used for?

  Separating substances by different boiling points
• What is a homologous series?

  A series of compounds with the same functional group
• What are hydrocarbons made of?

  Hydrogen and carbon atoms only
• What are nucleotides?

  The monomers that make up DNA
• What are polyesters?

  Polymers containing the ester functional group
• How are polyesters formed?

  From condensation polymerisation
• What are polymers?

  Large molecules made of small monomers
• What is a polypeptide?

  A chain of amino acids
• What is a repeat unit in a polymer?

  The part that produces the complete polymer chain
• What happens during steam cracking?

  Long-chain hydrocarbons are heated and mixed with steam
• What is addition polymerisation?

  A reaction where small molecules form large polymers
• What functional group do alcohols contain?

  -OH functional group
• What are the first four alcohols in the homologous series?

  Methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol
• What is the general formula for alkanes?


  C$n$H$2n+$$2$
• What distinguishes alkenes from alkanes?

  Alkenes have a double bond between carbon atoms
• What is the general formula for alkenes?

  C$n$H$2n$
• What functional groups do amino acids contain?

  Two different functional groups