Radiopharmaceuticals

• Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry (with Qualitative Analysis) is a course offered by Our Lady of Fatima University College of Pharmacy focusing on radiopharmaceuticals.
• Radiopharmaceuticals are important aspects of chemistry and pharmacy perspective.
• Radiopharmaceuticals play a role in medicine, particularly in cancer therapy and diagnostic imaging methods.
• Radiopharmaceuticals are defined as radioactive substances used in medicine.
• Radiopharmaceuticals are used in medicine, particularly in cancer therapy and diagnostic imaging methods.
• Radiopharmaceuticals are used in nuclear medicine.
• Radiopharmaceuticals are used in nuclear medicine, particularly in cancer therapy and diagnostic imaging methods.
• Principles of General, Organic & Biological Chemistry 2015
• Allen, Loyd V.
• Svehla, Gyula
• Vogel’s Qualitative Inorganic Analysis, Longman, 2015.
• Essentials of Inorganic Chemistry: For students of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicinal Chemistry.
• Pharmaceutical Analysis, 4th Edition
• Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy
• Pharmaceutical Press
• Watson, D.A.
• The emissions from elements do not alter the mass number but do alter the atomic number.
• Gamma radiation can also be produced by the nucleus "capturing" an electron from the so called K shell Qs orbital which combines with a proton to form a neutron.
• Gamma radiation can be produced by isotope with an unstable proton/neutron ratio but with insufficient energy to emit with a positron.
• Beta particles have more penetrating power and are able to travel 10 to 15 cm in water or penetrate almost 1-inch thickness of aluminum.
• The destructive aspect of radioactivity is directly related to its interaction with molecules present in the tissue to form abnormal amounts of ion and/or free radicals.
• Beta particles are negatively charged species having a mass of an electron.
• If the neutron/proton ratio exceeds stable limits, a transformation of a neutron to a proton will occur, with the expulsion of beta radiation.
• Beta radiation exists as two types: The negative electron (the negatron) are emitted by unstable nuclei having neutron, in excess of protons.
• Gamma rays are the most penetrating of all types of radiation emitted by radionuclides.
• Elements emitting positron radiation will decay to the element having the next lowest atomic number.
• The rearrangement of the orbital electrons takes place with the release of energy in the form of x-rays.
• Gamma rays are electromagnetic and have no mass and no charge, but they are of very high energy giving them excellent penetrating power.
• The effect of radioactive particles impinging upon biological tissues depends upon a number of factors related to the ability of the radiation to penetrate tissue, the energy of the radiation, the particular tissue and the surface area exposed, and the dose rate of the radiation.
• Beta radiation exists as two types: The positive electron (the positron) is the particle identical to the electron with the exception of having a positive charge.
• Gamma-emitting radionuclides are particularly useful for diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals; once the radiopharmaceutical has distributed within the body, the photons can penetrate the tissues and be detected externally using specially designed imaging equipment.
• It is emitted from nuclei having a proton/neutron ratio above stable limits, a proton is transformed into a neutron, accompanied by the emission of a positron.
• Very thick lead is required to protect against radiation from strong gamma emitting sources.
• Iodinated I 131 Albumin Aggregated Injection is used for the diagnostic study of the lungs (pulmonary embolism) by radioisotope scanning.
• Albumin Microspheres Tc 99m, In 111, In 113m, Pb 203 are used for lung imaging.
• Ferrous Hydroxide Tc 99m is used as a diagnostic aid in pulmonary scintigraphy.
• Ferric hydroxide In 113m is used as a diagnostic agent for lung imaging.
• Radiopharmaceuticals are preparations containing radioisotopes used internally for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes.
• Chlormerodrin Hg 197 Injection is used for scanning the brain for suspected lesions and the kidneys for anatomical and functional abnormalities.
• Cyanocobalamin Co 57 and Co 60 Capsules and Solution is used as a diagnostic aid to study the absorption and deposition of Vitamin B12 in normal individuals and in patients with megaloblastic anemias.