4.2.1.1 Classical Conditioning in Phobias

• What is classical conditioning?

  Learning through association
• What are the key components of classical conditioning?

  • Neutral stimulus
  • Unconditioned stimulus
  • Unconditioned response
  • Conditioned stimulus
  • Conditioned response
• What is the name of the experiment described in the image?

  Pavlov's Dog Experiment
• What is the neutral stimulus in Pavlov's experiment?

  Bell
• What are the key stages of the conditioning process shown in the image?

  • Before conditioning: Unconditioned stimulus, Unconditioned response, Neutral stimulus, No response
  • During conditioning: Food + Bell, Unconditioned response
  • After conditioning: Conditioned stimulus, Conditioned response
• What is an unconditioned stimulus?

  Naturally triggers a response
• What is the unconditioned response in Pavlov's experiment?

  Salivation
• What is a conditioned response?

  Learned response to CS
• How does the dog's response change during the conditioning process?

  The dog's response changes from an unconditioned response to a conditioned response
• What is a conditioned stimulus?

  A stimulus that triggers a conditioned response after association
• What is the unconditioned response when a person is bitten by a dog?

  Fear
• What is the term for a stimulus that was previously neutral but becomes phobia-inducing?

  Conditioned stimulus
• What is an unconditioned stimulus?

  A stimulus that naturally evokes an unconditioned response
• What conditioned response is triggered by seeing a yellow car?

  Fear
• What is an unconditioned response?

  A natural reaction to an unconditioned stimulus
• What is the unconditioned stimulus in Pavlov's experiment?

  Food
• What is the purpose of conditioning in Pavlov's experiment?

  • To elicit a conditioned response in the dog by associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus
  • To demonstrate classical conditioning, where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a biologically significant stimulus
• How does classical conditioning occur?

  By pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus
• If the bell is presented to the dog after conditioning, what response would you expect?

  Conditioned response (salivation)
• What is a conditioned stimulus?

  Former NS that now triggers response
• What does classical conditioning explain in relation to phobias?

  How phobias develop through learned associations
• What is a neutral stimulus in classical conditioning?

  Initially produces no response
• How does the dog's response change from before to after conditioning?

  • Before conditioning, the dog has an unconditioned response to the unconditioned stimulus (food) and no response to the neutral stimulus (bell).
  • After conditioning, the dog has a conditioned response to the conditioned stimulus (bell) that was previously neutral.
• What happens when you touch a hot stove?

  You pull your hand away in pain
• What is the conditioned response for nyctophobia?

  Fear
• What is the neutral stimulus for agoraphobia?

  Open spaces
• What are the key differences between extinction and generalization in phobias?

  • Extinction:
  • Fading of CR when CS is presented without UCS
  • Reduces phobic response
  • Example: No longer feeling fear when seeing spiders
  • Generalization:
  • Spreading fear response to similar stimuli
  • Broadens phobic response
  • Example: Fearing all arachnids (spiders, scorpions)
• What is the unconditioned stimulus for arachnophobia?

  Spider bite
• How do generalization and discrimination contribute to the persistence of phobias?

  • Generalization spreads fear to similar stimuli
  • Discrimination allows for focused fear on specific threats
  • Both processes explain how phobias can persist
• What is the definition of extinction in classical conditioning?

  Gradual fading of a conditioned response
• What is the unconditioned response for arachnophobia?

  Pain and fear
• What are the key elements of classical conditioning?

  • Neutral Stimulus: Initially produces no response
  • Unconditioned Stimulus: Naturally triggers a response
  • Unconditioned Response: Automatic reaction to UCS
  • Conditioned Stimulus: Former NS that now triggers response
  • Conditioned Response: Learned response to CS
• What is the unconditioned response for nyctophobia?

  Helplessness
• What is the conditioned stimulus for arachnophobia?

  Spiders
• How does extinction apply to phobias?

  Fear diminishes when phobic object is experienced safely
• What maintains phobias according to operant conditioning?

  Rewarding avoidance behaviors
• How does a Conditioned Response (CR) develop?

  Through repeated pairings of CS with UCS
• What is the unconditioned response for agoraphobia?

  Extreme anxiety
• What is the result of repeated exposure to the phobic object without harm?

  The association between fear and the object weakens
• Why is extinction important in treating phobias?

  It helps break the fear association