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• Why is a historical perspective important in understanding science?

  It helps appreciate what science really is.
• What practical arts were involved in early science?

  • Healing practices
  • Metal tradition
• How advanced were ancient Egyptian medical practices around 3000 BC?

  They were reasonably sophisticated.
• Who was Imhotep?

  A renowned ancient Egyptian physician.
• What was the heart of Egyptian medicine?

  • Trial and error
• Why was Egyptian medicine considered advanced?

  Due to the invention of papyrus.
• What is papyrus?

  An ancient form of paper from reeds.
• How did Egyptians create papyrus?

  By slicing, moistening, pressing, and drying stems.
• What impact did the invention of papyrus have?

  • Revolutionized information transmission
  • Replaced clay tablets and smooth rocks
• When was papyrus first used as a writing material?

  As early as 3000 BC.
• What is Mesopotamia known for?

  Being the birthplace of writing.
• What significant invention did the Mesopotamians create around the time of papyrus?

  The first known potter's wheel.
• What were the Four Great Inventions of Ancient China?

  Compass, gunpowder, papermaking, printing.
• How did ancient Chinese inventions impact civilization?

  They profoundly influenced global development.
• What characterized the Islamic Golden Age?

  Cultural, economic, and scientific flourishing.
• What was the House of Wisdom?

  A center for learning in Baghdad.
• What subjects did Islamic scientific achievements encompass?

  Astronomy, mathematics, and medicine.
• How was Islamic science characterized?

  By practical purposes and understanding.
• Who were notable mathematicians during the Islamic Golden Age?

  Al-Khwarizmi, Avicenna, Jamshid al Kashi.
• What did Ibn Al-Haytham study?

  Optics and mechanics.
• What were the significant scientific innovations in Ancient China?

  • Natural sciences
  • Engineering
  • Medicine
  • Military technology
  • Mathematics
  • Geology
  • Astronomy
• When did the Renaissance period occur?

  1300 AD to 1600 AD.
• What was the impact of the Fall of Constantinople on science?

  Accelerated rediscovery of ancient texts.
• What did Marie Boas Hall coin?

  The term Scientific Renaissance.
• What did Peter Dear argue about early modern science?

  It had a two-phase model.
• How did Renaissance philosophy change?

  Emphasized intuition over logic.
• What was the significance of the printing press?

  It democratized learning and spread ideas.
• Who were the three men of Mainz associated with printing?

  Gutenberg, Fust, and Schöffer.
• What was the impact of the printing press by 1500?

  Produced six million books in Europe.
• What characterized the Enlightenment Period?

  Emphasis on reason over superstition.
• What inspired the American and French Revolutions?

  Enlightenment ideals.
• What years define the Enlightenment Period?

  1715 A.D. to 1789 A.D.
• What was emphasized during the Enlightenment Period?

  Reason over superstition and science over faith
• What types of outputs were produced during the Enlightenment Period?

  Books, essays, inventions, discoveries, laws
• Which revolutions were inspired by Enlightenment ideals?

  The American and French Revolutions
• What marked the peak and decline of Enlightenment influence?

  The American and French Revolutions
• What movement followed the Enlightenment Period?

  19th-century Romanticism
• Who were key natural philosophers of the Scientific Revolution?

  Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler, Leibniz
• What works are traced to the roots of the Enlightenment?

  Newton's "Principia Mathematica" and Locke's "Essay"
• What years define the Industrial Revolution?

  1760 to 1840