1.2.2 Practical applications of separation methods

• What is the purpose of the condenser in this distillation process?

  To condense the vapour flow into a liquid flow
• What is the purpose of the reflux drum in this distillation process?

  • Collects the condensed liquid flow from the condenser
  • Sends some of the liquid flow back to the condenser as reflux
  • Allows the distillate to be collected as the output
• What is the first step in the process of crystallization?

  Dissolving a solid in water
• What are the two main processes used in labs to obtain pure solid samples?

  Evaporation and crystallization
• How is crude oil processed in oil refineries?

  It is distilled to separate fuels
• What happens to the lighter liquid during distillation?

  It boils and rises
• How does the process of evaporation contribute to crystallization?

  It removes water, allowing crystals to form
• Why are different fuels separated during the distillation of crude oil?

  Because they boil at different temperatures
• What is the purpose of heating the solution in an evaporation basin?

  To facilitate the evaporation of water
• How does filtration work in everyday life?

  It uses a filter to separate solids from liquids
• What is the first step in the chromatography process for environmental monitoring?

  Collecting water samples from rivers or monitoring points
• What is the primary purpose of distillation?

  To separate liquids based on boiling points
• What do air filters in vacuums and masks trap?

  Dust and germs
• How does the condenser differ from the reboiler in this distillation process?

  The condenser condenses vapour into liquid, while the reboiler vaporizes liquid into vapour
• Why is pretreatment of water samples necessary in chromatography?

  To concentrate pollutants for better detection
• What is the purpose of water filters?

  To remove dirt, bacteria, and impurities
• If the feed enters the condenser at a high temperature, what will happen to the vapour flow?

  The vapour flow will be condensed into a liquid flow
• What is the name of the process shown in the image?

  Polar pesticide analysis
• What is the process of obtaining pure solid samples in labs?

  1. Dissolve a solid in water to create a solution
  2. Heat the solution in an evaporation basin
  3. Let the water evaporate away
  4. Collect pure solid crystals through crystallization
• How are pure solid crystals collected in the crystallization process?

  As they form through crystallization
• What are the advantages and limitations of using IC-MS for polar pesticide analysis?

  Advantages:

  • High sensitivity and selectivity
  • Able to identify and quantify a wide range of polar pesticides

  
  

  Limitations:

  • Expensive and complex instrumentation
  • Requires skilled operators
  • Sample pretreatment can be time-consuming
• What is the name of the analytical instrument shown in the image?

  IC-MS
• What is the definition of filtration?

  Separating insoluble solids from a liquid
• If you wanted to determine the concentration of a polar pesticide in a water sample, which step in the process shown would you perform?

  Sample pretreatment
• What is the purpose of the polar pesticide analysis process shown in the image?

  To detect and quantify polar pesticides in environmental samples
• What is the role of the condenser in distillation?

  To cool vapor and form liquid
• What are the main steps involved in chromatography for environmental monitoring?

  1. Collecting water samples from rivers or monitoring points
  2. Pretreating the sample to concentrate pollutants
  3. Using IC-MS to identify specific substances
  4. Assessing risks from detected pollutants
• What is a solution in the context of crystallization?

  • A mixture where substances dissolve in liquids
  • Composed of solute (solid) and solvent (liquid)
• What is happening to the solution in the image?

  It is becoming more concentrated
• Why is filtration important for air quality?

  It cleans the air you breathe by trapping pollutants
• What laboratory apparatus is being used in the image?

  Evaporating basin
• What happens to the water during the crystallization process?

  It evaporates away
• What technology is used in chromatography to identify specific substances?

  IC-MS (Ion Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry)
• How does chromatography contribute to environmental health monitoring?

  • Detects pollutants in water
  • Ensures water quality standards are met
  • Helps assess environmental risks
• What are some common uses of filtration in everyday life?

  • Water purification
  • Coffee brewing
  • Air filtration
• What is assessed after detecting pollutants in water samples?

  Risks from detected pollutants
• What is chromatography used for in environmental monitoring?

  To detect pollutants in water samples
• What is the procedure being demonstrated in the image?

  • A solution is heated in an evaporating basin
  • The solvent evaporates
  • The remaining solution becomes more concentrated