Replication of HIV

• Where does HIV replicate?

  inside it's host's helper T-cells
• Where can HIV and all other viruses only reproduce insdie?

  the cells of the organism it has infected
• HIV doesnt have the equipment such as enzymes and ribosomes to replicate on its own, so it uses those of the host cell.
• How does HIV replicate?


  1. the attachment protein attaches to a receptor molecule on the cell membrane of the host helper T-cell
  2. The capsid is released into the cell, where it uncoats and releases the genetic material (RNA ) into the cells cytoplasm
• How does HIV replicate?


  3. inside the cell, reverse transcriptase is used to make a complementary strand of DNA from the viral RNA template

  4. From this , double - stranded DNA is made and inserted into the human DNA
• How does HIV replicate?


  5. Host cell enzymes are used to make viral proteins from the viral DNA found within the human DNA

  6. The viral proteins are assembled into new viruses, which bud from the cell and go on to infect other cells
• Where does HIV replicate?

  Inside helper T-cells
• What type of cells does HIV target in the immune system?

  Helper T-cells
• What does HIV lack to replicate on its own?

  Enzymes and ribosomes
• What resources does HIV depend on from the host for multiplication?

  Host resources like enzymes and ribosomes
• What is the significance of HIV being an obligate intracellular parasite?

  It highlights its dependency on host cells for replication
• What is the consequence of HIV not having a host cell?

  It cannot multiply
• What are the two main pathways through which HIV infects T cells?

  • Infected T Cell Pathway
  • Cell-Free HIV Pathway
• How does HIV replicate within the host?

  By using the host cell's machinery
• What is the significance of the stimulus in HIV infection pathways?

  • The stimulus triggers the expression of the integrated provirus
  • This leads to viral gene transcription and translation
  • Facilitates viral assembly and release of new virions
  • Without stimulus, HIV remains in latency
• How does the binding of HIV's attachment protein to CD4 affect the host cell?

  It triggers fusion and viral entry
• What is the significance of replication in the HIV life cycle?

  HIV produces long chains of proteins needed to build more HIV virions.
• What type of genetic material does HIV release into the host cell's cytoplasm?

  RNA
• What are the seven steps of the viral life cycle?

  1. Binding
  2. Fusion
  3. Reverse Transcription
  4. Integration
  5. Replication
  6. Assembly
  7. Budding
• What are the key points regarding HIV replication in helper T-cells?

  • HIV targets helper T-cells
  • Uses helper T-cell components for replication
  • Infection disrupts immune system
• What enzyme is responsible for reverse transcription?

  Reverse transcriptase
• What type of cell does HIV primarily infect?

  Helper T-cell
• What occurs during fusion in the HIV life cycle?

  • HIV virus fuses with the cell membrane of the host cell
  • This allows HIV contents including RNA, reverse transcriptase, integrase, and other proteins to enter the host cell
• What are the main infection routes for HIV?

  • Viral Replication: Direct cell-to-cell
  • Cell-Free: Through blood/fluids
• What is the entry method for viral replication of HIV?

  Direct cell-to-cell
• What happens during the budding process in HIV replication?

  The cell membrane seals around the viruses
• What is the state of a T cell when HIV integrates its provirus into the genome?

  Latently Infected T Cell
• How does the process of budding contribute to HIV's ability to infect other cells?

  • Budding allows release of new viruses.
  • New viruses can infect adjacent cells.
  • Maintains viral propagation within the host.
• What enzyme facilitates the integration of HIV DNA into host DNA?

  Integrase.
• What is the entry method for cell-free HIV infection?

  Through blood/fluids
• What is the first step of the viral life cycle depicted in the diagram?

  Binding
• How does a virus replicate inside a host cell?

  1. Binding to host cell receptor
  2. Fusion with host cell membrane
  3. Release of viral RNA or DNA
  4. Reverse Transcription (if RNA virus)
  5. Integration of viral DNA
  6. Replication of viral genome
  7. Assembly of new viral particles
  8. Budding of new viral particles
• What occurs during budding in the HIV life cycle?

  • Immature HIV is pushed out of the host cell
  • Proteases activate immature HIV into mature, infectious HIV virions
• What is the second step of the viral life cycle depicted in the diagram?

  Fusion
• What enzymes are released along with the viral RNA into the cytoplasm?

  Reverse transcriptase and integrase
• To which receptor does the virus bind in the first step?

  CD4 receptor
• What is the result of the budding step in the viral life cycle?

  New viral particles are released from the host cell without destroying the cell.
• What is the process of HIV replication in a host cell?

  1. Attachment protein binds to CD4 receptor.
  2. Fusion of HIV membrane with host cell membrane.
  3. Release of viral RNA and enzymes into cytoplasm.
• Why are helper T-cells important for HIV replication?


  They provide necessary components for replication
• What is the first step in the HIV life cycle?

  HIV virus binds to the host cell.