2.5.1.1 Leading Questions

• What happens when a witness confuses suggested details with actual memories?

  They experience source confusion
• What is the implication of leading questions on eyewitness testimony?

  They can reduce the reliability of testimonies
• What are the ethical responsibilities of lawyers regarding questioning witnesses?

  • Ensure questioning is fair
  • Avoid distorting witness recollection
  • Protect rights of accused and witnesses
• What does source confusion refer to?

  Forgetting where information originated from
• What were the estimated speeds based on different verbs in Loftus and Palmer's study?

  • Smashed: $40.8 \text{ mph}$
  • Collided: $39.3 \text{ mph}$
  • Bumped: $38.1 \text{ mph}$
  • Hit: $34.0 \text{ mph}$
  • Contacted: $31.8 \text{ mph}$
• How can leading questions affect courtroom proceedings?

  They can lead to inaccurate testimonies
• What can result from using leading questions in testimonies?

  Inaccurate testimonies
• What do leading questions suggest?

  Answers that might not be true
• What is suggestibility in the context of memory?

  It is how easily memories can be influenced
• How might the wording of a question affect eyewitness testimony?

  It can distort memories and estimates
• What are the key components of how leading questions work?

  • Suggestion: Phrasing implies details not in memory
  • Schema: Fits existing knowledge increases acceptance
  • Source Monitoring: Confusion about information source
• How might a leading question affect a witness's memory of an event?

  It can lead them to recall incorrect details
• What does the question "How fast was the car going when it smashed into the other car?" imply?

  It implies a high speed and severe impact
• How do leading questions affect memory?

  They can alter a person's memory of an event
• How does the word "smashed" in a question influence memory recall?

  It implies high speed and severe impact
• What is a fair question to ask instead of a leading question?

  What color was the car?
• What are leading questions?

  Phrases that suggest an answer
• What did Loftus and Palmer's study involve?

  Participants watched a car accident video
• How do leading questions influence responses?

  They subtly suggest an answer to the respondent
• Why can leading questions affect eyewitness testimony?

  They can alter how events are remembered
• Why are leading questions problematic in eyewitness testimony?

  They can suggest answers and distort memory
• What are the key findings from Loftus and Palmer's research on leading questions?

  • Leading questions affect eyewitness accuracy
  • Different verbs lead to different speed estimates
  • Wording can distort memory recall
• What can leading questions do to our memories?

  They can distort our memories significantly
• What is the impact of leading questions on eyewitness testimony?

  • Distorts memories by suggesting false details
  • Causes source confusion about actual events
  • Affects the accuracy of witness accounts
• What can significantly affect eyewitness accuracy?

  Leading questions
• Why do people fill in memory gaps with suggested information?

  Because they trust the question's implication
• How did the verbs used in Loftus and Palmer's questions affect participants?

  They influenced the estimated speed of the car
• What is the impact of ethical questioning techniques on justice?

  They preserve the integrity of justice
• What effect can leading questions have on a witness's memory?

  They can lead to inaccurate recall of events
• What is the focus of legal and ethical considerations in eyewitness testimony?

  Leading questions