Cyto endterm

• Cancer is a disease where cells grow out of control and invade, erode, and destroy normal tissue.
• DNA polymerase mu (catalytic subunit) is involved in gap filling during non-homologous end joining.
• Cancer is a large group of diseases that can start in almost any organ or tissue of the body when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably, go beyond their usual boundaries to invade adjoining parts of the body and/or spread to other organs.
• The latter process of spreading to other organs is called metastasizing and is a major cause of death from cancer.
• Edwin Smith Papyrus is a copy of part of an ancient Egyptian textbook on trauma surgery and describes 8 cases of tumors or ulcers of the breast that were removed by cauterization with a tool called the fire drill.
• Hippocrates referred to cancer as Karkinos (carcinos), Greek.
• Galenus referred to cancer as Karkinos (carcinos) à ‘crab’.
• Celsus referred to cancer as Cancer, Latin.
• Glen referred to cancer as Oncos, Greek.
• The modern era of Cancer biology began in the 16th and 17th century.
• Aelius Galenus (25BC - 50AD) was a prominent figure in the modern era of Cancer biology.
• Chemical carcinogens can damage DNA and include substances like Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), Dimethylnitrosamine, Nickel compounds in tobacco smoke, and Aflatoxin.
• Radiation can cause cancers such as MM, Lymphoma, Lung cancer, Liver cancer, Breast cancer, Ovarian cancer, Bladder cancer, Thyroid cancers, Stomach cancer, Esophageal cancer, Colon cancer (except rectal), and most of leukemia (except CLL).
• Microbes like bacteria and viruses (tumor viruses) can produce carcinogens and oncogenes.
• POLD is a gene that encodes DNA polymerase epsilon, the catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase involved in nucleotide excision repair and methylation.
• Tumor initiation involves proof reading, DNA repair genes, and growth factors.
• Tumors are graded according to the histologic features, which depend primarily upon polarity, N:C ratio, number and characteristics of Mitoses, and hyperchromaticity.
• MSH6 is a gene that encodes MutS homolog 6 involved in mismatch recognition and mismatch repair.
• Neil1 is a gene that encodes Endonuclease VIII-like 1, a DNA glycosylase and apurinic apyrimidinic lyase involved in base excision repair.
• NUDT1 is a gene that encodes Nudix hydrolase 1, which hydrolyzes oxidized purine nucleoside triphosphates and modulates nucleotide pools.
• CHK2 is a gene that encodes a serine threonine kinase involved in cell cycle and apoptotic regulation in response to DNA damage.
• Exonuclease 1 (EXO1) is a gene that encodes a 5’ to 3’ exonuclease with RNAse H activity involved in homologous recombination and mismatch repair.
• Hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes liver cancer and its genome size is 3 kb.
• Papillomavirus causes cervical carcinoma and its genome size is 8 kb.
• Genes that are associated with inherited genetic susceptibility to cancer include BRCA1 and BRCA2.
• Aspergillus flavus is a type of fungus.
• Pyrovirus includes Pneumonia virus, Measles virus, and Herpes virus.
• Herpes virus type 1 (HSV) causes Burkitt’s lymphoma and Nasopharyngeal carcinoma and its genome size is 100 - 200 kb.
• Human tumors can be caused by DNA genomes or RNA genomes.
• Simian virus 40 (SV40) and Polyomavirus are types of viruses that do not cause human tumors.
• Fanconi’s anemia (FANCC) is a gene that encodes a component of the Fanconi repair system core complex DNA crosslink repair.
• Adenovirus does not cause human tumors and its genome size is 35 kb.
• POLB is a gene that encodes DNA polymerase beta, the catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase involved in base excision repair.
• Retrovirus causes Adult T-cell leukemia and its genome size is 9 - 10 kb.
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• Genetic engineering, also known as recombinant DNA technology, involves altering the genes in a living organism to produce a Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) with a new genotype.
• E. coli bacteria have been modified to produce diesel fuel.
• Cyanobacteria have been modified to produce plastic (polyethylene) and fuel (butanol) as byproducts of photosynthesis.
• Various kinds of genetic modification are possible: inserting a foreign gene from one species into another, altering an existing gene so that its product is changed, or changing gene expression so that it is translated more often or not at all.
• The history of GMO development includes creating the first genetically modified bacteria in 1973, creating GM mice in 1974, and the first commercial development of GMOs (insulin-producing bacteria) in 1982.