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Light-independent stage
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Cards (9)
All occurs in the
stroma
Calvin cycle
A)
CO2
B)
RuBisCO
C)
RuBP
D)
Unstable intermediate
E)
GP
F)
GP
G)
ATP
H)
Reduced NADP
I)
TP
J)
TP
10
3 stages of the Calvin cycle:
Fixation
Reduction
Regeneration
1st step of the Calvin cycle -
Fixation
:
CO2 diffuses into
intracellular
spaces in the within the spongy
mesophyll
Combines with
5C
RuBP - Carbon is
fixed
being incorporated into an
inorganic
molecules
Catalysed by
RuBisCO
6C
Unstable
intermediate
produced
Broken down to 2
3C
GP molecule
2nd step of the Calvin cycle -
Reduction
:
Each
GP
converted to 2
3C
TP molecules
The TP molecules are
reduced
by
NADPH
and
energy
is provided via
ATP
3rd step of the Calvin cycle -
Regeneration
:
Majority of
TP
produced is
recycled
to
regenerate
RuBP
Some TP molecules are the starting point for
biological
molecules such as carbohydrates,
lipids
and proteins
RuBisCO:
Enzymes that
catalyses
the combination of CO2 and
RuBP
Very
inefficient
- competitively
inhibited
by
oxygen
- ALOT needed to carry out photosynthesis
Probably most abundant enzyme in the world
For
1
glucose molecule to be produced:
6
CO2 molecules have to enter the Calvin cycle -
6
full turns
12
TP molecules produced -
2
removed to form
1
glucose
10
TP recycled to regenerate
6
RuBP
10
x 3C TP =
30C
shuffled giving
6
x
5C
RuBP =
30C
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