3.4.1.2 Operant Conditioning

• What is classical conditioning?

  Learning to associate things that happen together
• What is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in Pavlov's experiment?

  Food that naturally causes drooling
• What does CR stand for in classical conditioning?

  Conditioned Response
• How does attachment relate to classical conditioning?

  A baby associates caregiver with comfort, leading to attachment
• In classical conditioning, what is the UCS that leads to the baby feeling secure?

  Comfort
• What feeling results from the association between caregiver and comfort?

  A feeling of attachment
• What type of behaviors does classical conditioning focus on?

  Involuntary behaviors
• What are the key features that differentiate classical and operant conditioning?

  • Learning Method:
  • Classical: Associations
  • Operant: Consequences
  • Key Elements:
  • Classical: UCS, UCR, CS, CR
  • Operant: Reinforcement, Punishment
  • Focus:
  • Classical: Involuntary behaviors
  • Operant: Voluntary behaviors
• What type of behaviors does operant conditioning focus on?

  Voluntary behaviors
• What consequence does reaching for their mother lead to in operant conditioning?

  Being comforted
• How do classical and operant conditioning differ in terms of behavior focus?

  Classical: involuntary; Operant: voluntary
• In operant conditioning, what behavior does the baby learn?

  Reaching for their mother
• What is the CR in classical conditioning when a baby sees their mother?

  Feeling secure
• What is operant conditioning?

  Learning through consequences
• What is the learning method used in classical conditioning?

  Associations
• What are the key components of classical conditioning?

  • Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
  • Unconditioned Response (UCR)
  • Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
  • Conditioned Response (CR)
• What is the effect of positive reinforcement?

  Increase behavior
• What are the key elements of classical conditioning?

  UCS, UCR, CS, CR
• How does a positive result affect behavior in operant conditioning?

  It increases the likelihood of repeating the action
• What are the two different ways we learn?

  Classical and operant conditioning
• What are the four operant contingencies?

  Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment
• What are the effects of the four operant contingencies?

  • Positive Reinforcement: Increases behavior by adding a stimulus
  • Negative Reinforcement: Increases behavior by removing a stimulus
  • Positive Punishment: Decreases behavior by adding a stimulus
  • Negative Punishment: Decreases behavior by removing a stimulus
• What are the key components of operant conditioning?

  • Learning through consequences
  • Positive results (rewards) increase behavior
  • Negative results (punishments) decrease behavior
• What does CS stand for in classical conditioning?

  Conditioned Stimulus
• How did Pavlov's dogs demonstrate classical conditioning?

  They drooled when hearing a bell associated with food
• What are the key elements of operant conditioning?

  Reinforcement, Punishment
• What is the action in positive punishment?

  Add stimulus
• How might a toddler use operant conditioning to receive hugs from their mom?

  By smiling to get more hugs
• In classical conditioning, what does the baby associate with comfort?

  Their mother (CS)
• What is the effect of negative reinforcement?

  Increase behavior
• What does UCS stand for in classical conditioning?

  Unconditioned Stimulus
• What is the learning method used in operant conditioning?

  Consequences
• How does the learning theory of attachment explain attachment formation?

  Through behavioral associations based on rewards and punishments.
• What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement?

  Positive reinforcement adds a stimulus to increase behavior, while negative reinforcement removes an aversive stimulus to increase behavior.
• What type of support exists for the learning theory of attachment?

  Some studies show babies attach to caregivers providing food.
• What is the difference between positive and negative punishment?

  Positive punishment adds an aversive stimulus to decrease behavior, while negative punishment removes a positive stimulus to decrease behavior.
• Compare reinforcement and punishment in operant conditioning.

  • Reinforcement:
  • Increases behavior
  • Types: Positive, Negative
  • Goal: Encourage repetition
  • Punishment:
  • Decreases behavior
  • Types: Positive, Negative
  • Goal: Discourage repetition
• What happens when an action leads to a negative result in operant conditioning?

  We are likely to avoid that action
• What are the four operant contingencies?

  • R+ Positive reinforcement
  • R- Negative reinforcement
  • P+ Positive punishment
  • P- Negative punishment
• What is positive punishment?

  Adding something unpleasant