Musculoskeletal System

• What is ossification?

  Process of bone growth from infant to adult

  Osteoblasts - bone formation (influenced by oestrogen)

  Osteoclasts - remove calcium reducing bone density
• What are the 5 types of joints?

  Fixed - cranium, pelvis

  Ball and socket joint - hip, shoulder

  hinge - knee, elbow

  pivot - neck

  sliding - wrist, ankle
• Components of a synovial joint

  Muscle contracts and relaxes to move

  Bone provides framework for attachment of muscles

  Ligaments attach bone to bone

  Tendon attaches bone to muscle

  Synovial capsule secretes synovial fluid

  Synovial fluid lubricates the joint
• Muscle action around a joint

  Agonist contracts Antagonist relaxes e.g. biceps and triceps or quadriceps and the hamstring
• Osteoporosis

  Symptoms minor fall causes fracture

  Explanation Loss of protein matrix so loss in bone density

  Causes Family history heavy drinking or smoking steroids

  Monitoring DEXA scan (measures bone density) blood tests

  Treatments HRT replaces oestrogen physiotherapy
• Vertical section of bone

  A) Epiphyseal line

  B) Cartilage

  C) Bone marrow

  D) Periosteum

  E) Medullary cavity

  F) Compact bone

  G) Growth plates

  
• Epiphyseal line

  Line at the end of long bones in adults. Epiphysis is the end of the bone and is spongy and made up of pores reducing its strength.
• Cartilage

  Tough highly adaptable connective tissue
• Medullary cavity

  Holds bone marrow
• Bone marrow

  Produces blood cells
• Periosteum

  Membranous tissues that covers the surface of the bones
• Growth plates

  Responsible for bone growth until late adolescence
• Transverse section of bone

  A) Osteon

  B) Haversian canal

  C) Osteocyte

  D) Canaliculi

  
• Osteon

  Building block for compact bone
• Haversian canal

  Contain blood vessels and nerves
• Lacunae

  Hold osteocytes
• Osteocytes

  Keep bones healthy
• Canaliculi

  Supply nutrients via blood vessels, remove cellular wastes and provide communication between osteocytes
• Osteoarthritis

  Joints painful and stiff joint tenderness and grating sensation

  Cartilage lost and so area becomes inflamed bones rub against each other causing pain

  Age family history Overweight
• Rheumatoid arthritis

  Throbbing pain and stiff joints swollen joints

  Autoimmune disease where Immune system attack cells lining joints scar tissue replaces making the joint misshapen and rigid

  Smoking, oestrogen levels, inheritance
• Arthritis monitoring and treatments

  Joint scans or X rays

  Steroids and NSAIDS painkillers arthroscopy to clean debris in joints