Monitoring and managing bovine infectious disease

• What do sensitivity and specificity measure in diagnostic testing?

  Sensitivity measures true positive rate
• What is the purpose of cohort sampling in disease management?

  To monitor naïve, at-risk animals
• What is the family and genus of BVD virus?

  Family: Flaviviridae, Genus: Pestivirus

  
• What are the two genotypes of BVDV?

  BVDV type 1 and BVDV type 2
• What are the two biotypes of BVDV?

  Non-cytopathic (NCP) and Cytopathic (CP)
• How is BVDV transmitted?

  Faecal-oral, discharges, transplacental
• What are the two broad syndromes of BVDV infection?

  Acute infection and persistent infection
• What are the clinical signs of BVD in naïve adult cattle?

  Mild pyrexia, diarrhoea, reduced milk yield
• What are the clinical signs of BVD in naïve calves?

  Pyrexia, diarrhoea, immunosuppression
• What are the clinical signs of BVD in persistently infected calves?

  Poor growth rates and immunosuppression
• What are the effects of BVDV infection during pregnancy?

  Abortion, congenital abnormalities, PI calves
• What is mucosal disease in BVDV?

  Mutation of NCP leads to superinfection with CP
• What are the clinical signs of mucosal disease?

  Mucosal ulceration, oral pain, anorexia
• How is mucosal disease diagnosed?

  Clinical signs and post mortem examination
• What is the purpose of bulk milk tank testing for BVD?

  To detect antibodies and antigens in the herd
• What is the vaccination strategy for BVD in cattle?

  Bovilis BVD and Bovela vaccines are used
• What is the recommended vaccination schedule for Bovilis BVD?

  Two doses, 4 weeks apart, then revaccinate every 6 months
• What is the purpose of vaccinating with Bovela?

  To reduce hyperthermia and virus shedding
• When is it recommended to vaccinate with Bovela?

  Before pregnancy to ensure protection
• What are the key components of BVD monitoring and accreditation?

  • Annual youngstock screen (9-18 months)
  • Quarterly bulk milk PCR
  • First lactation heifer test
  • Confirm and remove PI animals
  • Establish status of purchased stock
• What is the name of the vaccine for BVD that is inactivated and cytopathic?

  Bovilis BVD
• How many doses are required for Bovilis BVD vaccination?

  2 doses, 4 weeks apart
• What is the vaccination schedule for Bovela?

  Single dose, annual revaccination
• What age can cattle be vaccinated with Bovela?

  From 3 months of age
• What does Bovela vaccination reduce in cattle?

  Hyperthermia and leukocyte count reduction
• What is a potential risk of vaccinating pregnant heifers with Bovela?

  Transplacental transmission of vaccine virus
• What is the causative agent of Johne’s disease?

  Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis
• How is Johne’s disease transmitted?

  Ingestion or transplacental transmission
• What are common clinical signs of Johne’s disease?

  Diarrhoea, weight loss, poor BCS
• What is a limitation of diagnostic testing for Johne’s disease?

  True eradication is impossible
• What are risks of exposure to Johne’s disease?

  Unknown positives and inadequate biosecurity
• What factors contribute to the spread of Johne’s disease?

  Calving environment and colostrum management
• What is the causative agent of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis?

  Bovine Herpes virus 1
• How long can the Bovine Herpes virus survive in the environment?

  13 days
• What are common clinical signs of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis?

  Pyrexia, conjunctivitis, cough
• What is a potential outcome of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis in calves?

  Can be fatal with necrotic lesions
• What is the venereal form of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis?

  Infectious pustular vulvovaginitis
• What is the purpose of the gE marker vaccine for IBR?

  To differentiate vaccinated from infected cattle
• What are the key features of the Bovilis BVD vaccine?

  • Inactivated, cytopathic BVD 1
  • 2 doses, 4 weeks apart
  • 6 monthly revaccination
  • Protects foetus against BVD virus
• What are the key features of the Bovela vaccine?

  • Modified live, non-cytopathic BVD 1 and 2
  • Single dose, annual revaccination
  • Reduces hyperthermia and leukocyte count
  • Prevents persistently infected calves