topic 3 - energy systems

• macronutrients are required in large amounts
• micronutrients are required in small amounts
• macronutires consist of, carbohydrates, fats/lipids, protein and water
• micronutrients consist of fibre, vitamins and minerals
• carbohydrates function: fuel, storage of energy, cell membrane, DNA and RNA
• lipids function: feel, storage of energy, hormones
• protein functions: structure, repair, transport, enzymes, antibodies, hormones
• fibres function: bulk, slow digestion, prevents constipation
• vitamins: energy release from macronutrients, metabolism, bone and blood health, vision and immune function
• minerals: blood-oxygen transport, co-factor of metabolism, muscle function
• the chemical composition of a glucose molecule is 1C: 2H: 1O
• glucose can combine to form disaccharides and polysaccharides through a condensation reaction
• condensation reaction - the linking of 2 or more monosaccharides, disaccharides or polysaccharides through the removal of water
• glycerol is an alcohol with the formula of C3H8O3 and it contains 3 hydroxyl groups
• fatty acids - long chains of hydrocarbons contain the carboxyl group COOH at one of the ends
• easter bond - formed during a condensation reaction, occurs between one of the OH groups of the glycerol and the COOH group of the fatty acid
• saturated fatty acid - has no double bonds between carbon atoms and the fatty acid chain
• unsaturated fatty acid - has one or more double bonds between carbon atoms within the fatty acid chain
• chemical composition of protein: 1C: 1O, 1H, 1N
• essential amino acids - cannot be synthesised by the body and must be obtained from the diet
• non-essential amino acids - can be synthesised by the body
• metabolism - all of the biochemical reactions occurring within an organism
• anabolism - the process of building complex molecules from simpler ones, using energy from respiration
• catabolism - breaking down large molecules into smaller ones to release energy
• glycogen - a polysaccharide made of alpha glucose
• glycogen - very branched monomer of glucose
• the main stores in the Boyd for glycogen are the liver and the muscle cells
• insulin - hormone secreted by the pancreas that lowers blood glucose levels
• glucagon - hormone that is secreted by the pancreas when blood glucose levels are too low
• genolysis - the breakdown of glycogen back into glucose and it is released back into the blood
• lipolysis - the breakdown of stored lipids
• fasting -

  • blood glucose levels drop, causing secretion of glucagon from alpha cells
  • glucagon and adrenaline levels increase
  • glucagon stimulates the release of glucose from glycogen stored in the liver and muscle cells
• exercise -

  • adrenaline is realized in response to low blood glucose, threat or stress
  • adrenaline causes fight or flight
  • adrenaline and glucagon mobilize the fat stores in the adipose tissue for the most useful energy
  • adrenaline stimulates gluconegenisis
• Insulin (during exercise) - when blood glucose levels drop, insulin release is chemically reduced
• Muscle contraction (during exercise) - creates an increase in blood glucose from the muscles due to the high energy demands
• cell respiration - controlled release of energy non the from of ATP from organic compounds in the cell
• there are three energy system - ATP-PC, lactic system and the aerobic system
• creatine phosphate (ATP-PC) is a naturally occurring substance in the body
• ATP-PC - 1-3 seconds of energy
• Lactic system - 1-3 Minutes of energy