2.1.1 Understanding ionic bonding

• How do Na+ and Cl- ions interact in NaCl?

  They strongly attract each other due to opposite charges.
• What type of attraction holds ionic compounds together?

  Electrostatic attraction holds them together.
• What is ionic bonding?

  Ionic bonding occurs when a metal gives electrons to a non-metal.
• What is the charge of sodium ion in NaCl?

  Na+ is a positive ion (cation).
• What is the main characteristic of non-metals in ionic bonding?

  They accept electrons
• What are some physical properties of metals?

  Shiny, bend easily, conduct electricity well
• What are some physical properties of non-metals?

  Dull, brittle, do not conduct electricity well
• What is the main characteristic of metals in ionic bonding?

  They give away electrons
• Where are non-metals located on the periodic table?

  Right side
• How does the structure of sodium chloride differ from the individual sodium and chlorine atoms?

  • Sodium and chlorine atoms have lost/gained electrons to form ions
  • The ions are held together by an ionic bond, rather than the covalent bonds in the individual atoms
  • The overall structure is a crystalline lattice, rather than the discrete atoms
• What is the chemical formula for sodium chloride?

  NaCl
• If the radius of a sodium atom is $1.02 \text{ Å}$ and the radius of a chlorine atom is $1.81 \text{ Å}$, what is the approximate distance between the centers of the sodium and chlorine ions in a sodium chloride crystal?


  $2.83 \text{ Å}$
• What happens to the metal in ionic bonding?

  The metal becomes positive ions (cations).
• What happens to the non-metal in ionic bonding?

  The non-metal becomes negative ions (anions).
• What happens when chlorine gains an electron?

  It becomes Cl-, an anion
• What is the chemical symbol for the chlorine atom?

  Cl
• What is the key difference between atom 1 (metal) and atom 2 (nonmetal) in the ionic bond formation?

  Atom 1 (metal) loses electrons, while atom 2 (nonmetal) gains electrons
• What is the name of the type of bond shown in the image?

  Ionic bond
• How would you classify potassium (K) in terms of metals and non-metals?

  • Potassium (K) is a metal.
  • It is located on the left side of the periodic table.
• What is the charge on the sodium ion (Na+)?

  Positive
• How would you classify sulfur (S) in terms of metals and non-metals?

  • Sulfur (S) is a non-metal.
  • It is located on the right side of the periodic table.
• What are the three main components of an ionic molecule?

  • Cation (positively charged ion)
  • Anion (negatively charged ion)
  • Ionic bond between the cation and anion
• Why do metals and non-metals transfer valence electrons in ionic bonding?

  To achieve a stable arrangement in outer shells
• What is the chemical symbol for the sodium atom?

  Na
• What is the charge on the chloride ion (Cl-)?

  Negative
• How do cations and anions interact to form ionic compounds?

  • Cations attract anions due to opposite charges
  • Example: Sodium chloride (NaCl) is formed
• What are the key characteristics of an ionic bond?

  • Formed between a metal and a nonmetal
  • Involves the complete transfer of one or more electrons from the metal to the nonmetal
  • Results in the formation of positively and negatively charged ions
  • Held together by the electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged ions
• How do Na+ and Cl- ions interact in NaCl?

  • Na+ ions are surrounded by Cl- ions
  • Cl- ions are surrounded by Na+ ions
  • This creates a stable three-dimensional structure
• What is the charge of an anion?

  • Negative (-)
• What type of bond is formed in covalent bonding?

  Shared pairs bond
• What types of atoms are involved in ionic bonding?

  Metal and non-metal
• How do cations and anions differ in charge?

  Cations are positive, anions are negative
• What happens to the outer shells of both atoms after electron transfer in ionic bonding?

  They have full outer shells (8 electrons)
• What is the charge of chlorine ion in NaCl?

  Cl- is a negative ion (anion).
• What types of atoms are involved in covalent bonding?

  Non-metal and non-metal
• What is the main difference between ionic and covalent bonding?

  How electrons are shared
• What are cations and anions?

  Types of ions formed during ionic bonding
• How is an anion formed?

  By gaining electrons
• What role do cations and anions play in ionic bonding?

  Cations are positive, anions are negative; they attract.
• What happens to electrons in ionic bonding compared to covalent bonding?

  In ionic, they are transferred; in covalent, shared