ONE HEALTH

• One Health Approach is a concept that was created in 2004, which design and implement programs, policies, legislation, and research in which multiple sectors work together to achieve better public health outcomes (WHO, 2017).
• Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, 1948).
• Well-being describes a situation in which people are free to choose to do and be what they value (Sen 1999).
• Wellness refers to holistic integration of physical, mental, and spiritual well-being; fuels the body, engages the mind, and nurtures the spirit.
• Health hazards are wellness risks which are usually expressed as probabilities or chances; probability of suffering harm from an agent that can cause injury, disease, death, economic loss, or damage.
• Chemical Hazards refer to any forms of chemicals or substances that are potentially toxic or irritating to the body system.

  • pollution
  • waste
• Natural Hazards are defined as environmental phenomena that have the potential to impact societies and the human environment.

  • earthquakes
  • flood
• Cultural hazards refer to risks or dangers that arise from cultural practices, beliefs, or behaviors within a society that can negatively impact the well-being, safety, or health of individuals or communities.

  • crime
  • poverty
• A lifestyle choice is a personal and conscious decision to perform a behavior that may increase or decrease the risk of injury or disease. 

  • vices
  • diet
• Biological hazards are disease producing agents (pathogens) that can be transmitted to individuals through various routes of exposure (modes of transmission).

  • bacteria
  • virus
• A zoonosis is any disease or infection that is naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans.
• Approximately 60% existing human infectious diseases are zoonotic.
• Approximately 75% of    emerging infectious diseases (including Ebola, HIV, influenza, COVID-19) have an animal origin.
• Infectious Disease is when a pathogen, such as a bacterium, virus, or parasite, invades the body and multiplies in its cells and tissues (e.g Tuberculosis, flu, malaria,    measles).
• Bacteria are single-cell organisms that are found everywhere; most are harmless or beneficial.
• Viruses are smaller than bacteria and work by invading a cell and taking over its genetic machinery to copy themselves. They then multiply and spread throughout one’s body, causing a viral diseases, such as flu or AIDS.
• A viral infection is systemic, meaning it spreads throughout the body.
• A bacterial infection is usually localized, meaning it stays in one part of your body, such as the ear or throat.
• Viral infections are contagious. True or False?

  True
• Bacterial infections can sometimes be contagious. True or False?

  True
• Viral infections can be treated with antibiotics. True or False?

  False
• Bacterial infections can be treated with antibiotics. True or False?

  True
• Transmissible disease (“communicable” ) refers to infectious bacterial or viral disease that can be transmitted  from one person to another.
• Non-transmissible disease ("noncommunicable") is caused by an agent or event other than a living organism and does not spread from one person to another. 
• A large-scale outbreak of an infectious disease in an area is called an epidemic.
• A global epidemic such as tuberculosis or AIDS is called a pandemic.
• ENUMATE: Top 10 Global Cause of Death 2000-2016

  1. Ischemic Heart Disease
  2. Stroke
  3. Lower Respiratory Infections
  4. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
  5. Diarrhoeal Diseases
  6. Tuberculosis
  7. HIV/AIDS
  8. Preterm Birth Complications
  9. Trachea/ Bronchus/ Lung Cancers
  10. Road Injury
• What is the virus taxonomy (name) of COVID-19?

  Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus or SARS-CoV-2
• An important aspect of animal health and welfare is the protection of biodiversity.
• Variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome, or for entire Earth.
• ENUMERATE: Levels of Biodiversity

  1. Ecosystem Biodiversity
  2. Species Biodiversity
  3. Genetic Biodiversity
• Ecosystem Biodiversity can be defined as the variety of different habitats, communities and ecological processes.
• Species biodiversity is defined as the number of different species present in a place and relative abundance of each of those species.
• Genetic biodiversity is the biological variation that occurs within species. 
• What is the approximate number of named and discovered species?

  1.7 to 2 million
• What is the estimated total number of species?

  100 million
• The Philippines contains 70% of Earth’s biodiversity.
• Anthropogenic impacts bring about population size reduction and species extinctions.
• Illegal Wildlife Trade - Illegal collection, gathering, trading, and selling of wildlife severely impacts their population in the wild and the habitats where they are found.
• ENUMERATE: Anthropogenic threats to biodiversity

  1. Hunting and overharvesting
  2. Habitat Loss
  3. Pollution
  4. Invasive Species
  5. Climate Change