CEAD

• Electrical Resistivity is the value of electrical resistivity is a measure of resistance of material to flow of electricity.
• The volume of water decreases by 1%, or said another way, to a final volume of 0.99 m3.
• Plastics and ceramics typically have high resistivity, whereas metals typically have low resistivity, and among the best conductors of electricity are silver and copper.
• Density is defined as mass per unit volume; it is a measure of how compact the material is for a given volume.
• The average density of aluminum alloys is 2700 kg/m3, whereas the density of steel is 7850 kg/m3.
• Modulus of Elasticity, also known as Young’s Modulus, is a measure of how easily a material will stretch when pulled or how well the material will shorten when pushed.
• The larger the value of the modulus of elasticity is, the larger the required force would be to stretch or shorten the material.
• The modulus of elasticity of aluminum alloy is in the range of 70 to 79 GPa, whereas the modulus of elasticity for steel is in the range of 190 to 210 GPa; therefore, steel is approximately three times stiffer than aluminum alloys.
• Modulus of Rigidity, also known as Shear Modulus, is a measure of how easily a material can be twisted or sheared.
• The value of the modulus of rigidity, also called shear modulus, shows the resistance of a given material to shear deformation.
• Thermal Expansion is the change in the length (per original length) of a material that would occur if the temperature of the material were changed.
• Concrete has a compressive strength in the range of 10 to 70 MPa (megapascal, mega = 106).
• Heat Capacity represents the amount of thermal energy required to raise the temperature one kilogram mass of a material by one degree Celsius.
• Strength-to-Weight Ratio is the ratio of strength of the material to its specific weight (weight of the material per unit volume).
• Maximum compressive load a material specimen in the shape of rectangular bar, cylinder, or cube can carry without failure.
• Bulk Modulus of Compressibility represents how compressible the fluid is.
• Thermal Conductivity is a property of materials that shows how good the material is in transferring thermal energy (heat) from a high-temperature region to a low-temperature region within the material.
• The ultimate compressive strength of a material is expressed as the maximum compressive force per unit cross-sectional area of the specimen.
• Modulus of Resilience is a mechanical property of a material that shows how effective the material is in absorbing mechanical energy without going through any permanent damage.
• Modulus of Toughness is a mechanical property of a material that indicates the ability of the material to handle overloading before it fractures.
• Vapor Pressure is the pressure a fluid would have if it evaporated.
• Viscosity is a measure of how easily a fluid can flow.
• Engineers consider the value of shear modulus when selecting materials for shafts, which are rods that are subjected to twisting torques.
• The modulus of rigidity or shear modulus for aluminum alloys is in the range of 26 to 36 GPa, whereas the shear modulus for steel is in the range of 75 to 80 GPa; therefore, steel is approximately three times more rigid in shear than aluminum is.
• Tensile Strength is determined by measuring the maximum tensile load a material specimen in the shape of a rectangular bar or cylinder can carry without failure.
• The tensile strength or ultimate strength of a material is expressed as the maximum tensile force per unit cross-sectional area of the specimen.
• When a material specimen is tested for its strength, the applied tensile load is increased slowly.
• In the very beginning of the test, the material will deform elastically, meaning that if the load is removed, the material will return to its original size and shape without any permanent deformation.
• The point at which the material ceases to exhibit this elastic behavior is called the yield point.
• The yield strength represents the maximum load that the material can carry without any permanent deformation.
• In certain engineering design applications, the yield strength is used as the tensile strength.
• Compression Strength is the measure of how much force is needed to compress a material.
• Some materials are stronger in compression than they are in tension; concrete is a good example.
• The compression strength of a piece of material is determined by measuring the maximum force needed to compress the material in a specific direction.