Mid 2

• Keep patient quiet to avoid increase of blood pressure
• Adrenaline nasal pack
• Hospital care
• Simple packing of nose
• Diathermy: chemical or electrical
• Apply ice over the nose
• In hypertension: sedation and antihypertensive drugs
• Qualified hematologist care in blood diseases
• Sitting position with head bent forwards
• A fracture is any break in a bone including chips, cracks, splintering, and complete breaks.
• Closed fracture: a bone is broken with no penetration of bone through skin
• Open fracture: (compound fracture) there is a wound over fracture with or without protruding bone through skin
• Open fracture is more serious because of risk of contamination and infection.
• Green stick: in children, perpendicular to long axis
• Transverse: by direct injury, across bones
• Oblique: oblique angle
• Comminuted: fragmented
• Impacted: broken ends jammed together
• Spiral: results from twisting injury, fracture line like a spring
• Direct force: bone breaks at spot of force e.g. direct hit, bullet
• Emergency care of an impaled wound includes exposing the wound area, controlling bleeding, stabilizing the impaled object, providing oxygen, reassuring and keeping the patient at rest, and careful transport as soon as possible.
• Exposure of a wound is a general measure of management.
• Bleeding can be classified as Internal, External, Arterial, Venous, Capillary, Rapid, profuse, Bright red, Spurts as heart beats, Steady flow, Dark red, Slow, oozing, Less bright red.
• Internal bleeding is assumed whenever there are wounds penetrating the skull, bleeding from ears, vomiting or coughing blood, wounds penetrating chest or abdomen, large bruises in abdomen, abdominal rigidity, tenderness, blood in urine, rectal or vaginal bleeding, or bone fractures.
• Control of bleeding can be done by applying direct pressure, elevating the limb, using pressure points, splinting, applying a tourniquet, or using a blood pressure cuff.
• Epistaxis can be caused by local factors such as trauma, infections, violent sneezing, or eroding neoplasm, or by general factors like hypertension, blood disorders, acute infectious fevers, or high altitudes.
• Clearing the wound surface, controlling bleeding, preventing contamination, bandaging or dressing in place, and keeping the patient lying still are other general measures of management.
• Types of open wounds include Abrasions, Incisions, Lacerations, Punctures, Avulsions.
• Dressing functions include controlling bleeding, absorbing blood and wound secretions, preventing contamination, and easing pain.
• Bandage is any material used to hold dressing in place and does not need to be sterile.
• Closed: injury of underlying tissue without break of skin or mucous membrane (hematoma, bruises)
• Indirect force: break away from site of force e.g. falling on stretched hand
• Contact the receiving doctor afterwards to confirm that the transfer was completed satisfactorily and to obtain feedback.
• Inform the receiving hospital when the patient has left and give an estimated time of arrival.
• Triage is a method of quickly identifying victims who have immediately life threatening injuries and who have the best chance of surviving.
• The lowest priority in triage is for casualties who can wait and receive first aid and transportation last or casualties who are obviously dead.
• In triage, responsiveness is assessed and a primary survey is done, after which first aid is given to life threatening conditions.
• Once a primary survey has been done on each casualty, the triage process decides which casualties have injuries of the highest, medium, and lowest priority.
• A secondary survey of each casualty, starting with the casualties of highest priority, is done in the triage process.
• The second priority in triage is for casualties who can wait up to 1 hour for medical help without risk to their lives.