5.3.4 Cognitive Neuroscience

• What does cognitive neuroscience aim to understand?

  Relation of brain structures to mental processes
• What are the main components of cognitive neuroscience?

  • Cognitive psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Study of brain's role in thoughts, memories, perceptions
• Why is attention necessary for successful learning according to the image?

  It is necessary to captivate the interest of the learner and indicate to them when and to what they must be attentive while considering the limits of their capacity of attention
• What role does active engagement play in cognitive neuroscience?

  It stimulates curiosity and memory
• How does attention contribute to learning in cognitive neuroscience?

  It focuses mental resources on new information
• How does active engagement help with successful learning?

  The more a training program stimulates the learner's curiosity, the more their memory would be capable to retain the knowledge shared
• What is the spatial resolution of EEG?

  Low
• What is the first gateway to successful learning according to the image?

  Attention
• What is the temporal resolution of MRI?

  Low
• Why is feedback important for successful learning according to the image?

  To encode knowledge, the brain needs feedback on its predictions, more precisely an error signal, which can be external from a trainer's correction or automated evaluation, or internal from the learner themselves
• What is the level of expertise needed for EEG?

  Some training
• What are the four main gateways used in cognitive neuroscience to enhance learning?

  Attention, engagement, feedback, consolidation
• What is the second gateway to successful learning according to the image?

  Active engagement
• What is the level of expertise needed for MRI?

  Extensive training
• What is the temporal resolution of EEG?

  High
• What are the two main factors involved in the consolidation stage of learning according to the image?

  Distribution of the acquired knowledge and SLEEP
• How does cognitive neuroscience relate to cognitive psychology?

  It combines cognitive psychology and neuroscience
• What is the spatial resolution of MRI?

  High spatial resolution
• What is the spatial resolution of fMRI?

  High
• What is the temporal resolution of MRI?

  Low temporal resolution
• What is the spatial resolution of fMRI?

  High spatial resolution
• What are the other factors with an impact on learning according to the image?

  • A physical and relational environment conducive to learning
  • Healthy eating and nutrition
  • Regular physical activity
• What do EEG studies demonstrate about brainwave patterns?

  • Correspond to states like alertness and sleep
  • Link electrical activity to consciousness
• How does a physical and relational environment impact learning?

  A physical and relational environment that is conducive to learning can positively impact the learning process.
• What functions can be studied through patient studies in cognitive neuroscience?

  Language and memory
• What do fMRI studies reveal about the prefrontal cortex?

  • Active during planning and decision-making
  • Indicates its role in executive functions
• What is the third gateway to successful learning according to the image?

  Feedback
• Why is feedback important in cognitive neuroscience?

  It corrects errors and refines predictions
• What is the function of the Frontal Lobe?

  Motor function, Executive functions, Personality and emotion, Speech production
• What is the level of expertise needed for fMRI?

  Extensive training
• What are the functions of the Amygdaloid body?

  • Physiological responses to basic emotions (fear/pleasure etc.)
  • Conditioned emotional responses
• How does fMRI measure brain activity?

  Indirectly (BOLD response)
• What are the functions of the Hypothalamus?

  • Stress response regulation
  • Feedback loops (hormone levels, body temperature, nutrient concentrations)
  • Behavioural responses to physiological needs (hunger/thirst etc.)
• What are the three main brain imaging techniques used in cognitive neuroscience?

  EEG, MRI, fMRI
• What is the portability of EEG?

  Both fully portable and semi-portable devices available
• What are brain regions specialized for?

  Distinct cognitive functions
• What are the functions of the Brainstem?

  • Basic physiological functions (breathing, blood pressure, heart rate, sleep etc.)
  • Reflexes (gag/swallow/cough reflexes etc.)
  • Autonomic nervous system control
• What does MRI capture?

  Detailed brain structure
• What is the function of the Occipital Lobe?

  Visual processing
• What is the cost of EEG?

  Accessible to many researchers