5.4.2 Genotype and Phenotype

• What does the term genotype refer to?

  An individual's genetic makeup
• What is a phenotype?

  How traits show up, like height
• In what way does the environment affect phenotype?

  It interacts with genes to shape traits
• What is the definition of phenotype?

  An individual's observable traits and behaviors
• What is the definition of Genotype?

  The genetic code you inherit
• What is the analogy used to explain the relationship between genotype and phenotype?

  • Genotype is like a recipe
  • Phenotype is like the cooked dish
  • Cooking conditions affect the final outcome
• If both parents are tall, what is likely for their child?

  The child is likely to be tall too
• What does your genotype for height include?

  Genes that predispose you to a height range
• How might nutrition affect a child's height?

  Insufficient nutrition may limit height potential
• How do genes for athletic ability relate to phenotype?

  They influence excellent athletic performance
• What factors determine an individual's phenotype?

  Combination of genes and environment
• What are the possible blood types that represent phenotypes?

  A, B, AB, or O
• What is the relationship between genotype and phenotype in humans?

  • Genotype: genetic makeup
  • Phenotype: observable traits
  • Genotype influences phenotype
• How is an individual's genotype determined?

  By their genes
• How do genes from parents influence traits?

  They combine and express certain traits
• What is a genotype?

  A complete set of genes
• What are the three types of phenotypic plasticity?

  1. Non-plastic: No change despite environmental shifts
  2. Adaptive plasticity: Adjusts for survival
  3. Non-adaptive plasticity: Detrimental changes occur
• How does the cooking analogy illustrate the relationship between genotype and phenotype?

  The recipe specifies ingredients, but conditions affect results
• What are the genotype contributions and environmental influences for height, anxiety, and intelligence?

  • Height:
  • Genotype: Genes for tallness
  • Environment: Nutrition
  • Phenotype: Achieves full height potential
  • Anxiety:
  • Genotype: Genes for anxiety proneness
  • Environment: Stressful events
  • Phenotype: Develops clinical anxiety
  • Intelligence:
  • Genotype: Genes for cognitive abilities
  • Environment: Education, learning opportunities
  • Phenotype: Higher intellectual performance
• How do genes for eye color relate to genotype?

  They determine the genetic potential for eye color
• What is the definition of genotype?

  Genetic makeup of an organism
• How does the environment affect Phenotype?

  It can influence physical and behavioral traits
• What environmental factors can affect the development of anxiety in genetically predisposed individuals?

  Family support and school stress
• How does adaptive plasticity benefit an organism?

  It adjusts to new environments for survival
• How can environmental variation affect butterflies?

  It can change their wing color and patterns
• What is the phenotype for individuals with genes for anxiety proneness and stressful events?

  Develops clinical anxiety
• What are the key differences between Genotype and Phenotype?

  • Genotype: genetic code inherited
  • Phenotype: manifestation of traits
  • Environment influences phenotype
• How do genes and life experiences interact in shaping personality?

  Genes provide a baseline modified by experiences
• How do genotype and environment interact to shape phenotype?

  Genotype provides potential; environment determines expression
• If someone has genes for tallness, what factor can influence their actual height?

  Proper nutrition during growth
• What are the key differences between the three types of phenotypic change?

  • Non-plastic: Phenotypes remain unchanged with environmental shift
  • Adaptive plasticity: Phenotypes dynamically adjust to new optimal phenotype
  • Non-adaptive plasticity: Phenotypes change away from the new optimal phenotype
• What does the genotype influence?

  Various traits
• How does genotype relate to phenotype?

  Genotype influences the phenotype expression
• What role does the environment play in phenotype?

  It can affect the expression of traits
• How do the phenotypes change in each type of environmental variation?

  • Non-plastic: Phenotypes remain the same
  • Adaptive plasticity: Phenotypes shift from Optimum1 to Optimum2
  • Non-adaptive plasticity: Phenotypes shift away from Optimum2
• What is the term for the traits inherited from parents?

  Genotype
• What does phenotype refer to?

  Expressed traits
• What is the definition of Phenotype?

  How genes manifest in traits
• What is the definition of phenotype?

  Observable traits of an organism
• What is non-adaptive plasticity?

  Detrimental phenotypic changes occur