1.2 Amount of substance

• Avogadro's number is a fundamental constant in chemistry, stating that one mole of any substance contains 6.02 times 10^23 atoms or molecules.
• The moles are used to measure the amount of substance in chemistry, often shortened to the letters mol.
• One mole of water contains 6.02 times 10^23 molecules of water.
• One mole of iron contains six point zero to six point zero 2 times 2 10^23 atoms of iron.
• The number of particles in a substance can be calculated by multiplying Avogadro's number by the number of moles.
• The number of moles is calculated by dividing the mass of a substance by its atomic mass, represented as MR or aR.
• V in the ideal gas equation stands for volume, which must be in meters cubed and can be converted from centimeters cubed by multiplying by a thousand.
• The volume of a gas in a specific volume is determined by the ideal gas equation: PV = NRT.
• N in the ideal gas equation stands for the number of moles, which is the moles that have been given.
• T in the ideal gas equation stands for temperature, which must be in Kelvin and can be converted from degrees Celsius by adding 273.
• R in the ideal gas equation stands for the gas constant, which is 8.31 joules per Kelvin.
• P in the ideal gas equation stands for pressure, which is measured in Pascal's and must be converted to Pascal's if given in kilo Pascal's or micro Pascal's.
• The number of moles in a solution can be calculated from its concentration and volume, using the formula: number of moles = concentration in moles per diem cube times by volume.
• The carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in water only come from the hydrocarbon.
• Actual yield is the amount of a product produced after the reaction.
• Percent yield is the actual yield divided by the theoretical yield times 100.
• One mole of silver indicates the number of carbons in the hydrocarbon.
• Theoretical yield is the amount of a product produced assuming no reactants and no products are lost.
• The number of moles of carbon atoms in a hydrocarbon can be determined by subtracting the number of moles of hydrogen atoms from the total number of moles.
• Atom economy is the molecular mass of the desired product divided by the sum of the molecular masses of all the reactants times 100.
• App economy is important because it tells us how efficient a reaction is and if it tends towards 100% atom economy, it means that the raw materials are used efficiently and it's more sustainable.
• Theoretical mass can be calculated by dividing the mass of a reactant by the moles of that reactant and multiplying by the moles of the product.
• The full ionic equation includes the charges that must balance on both sides of the equation.
• Sulfates and potassium are referred to as spectator ions because they do not participate in the reaction.
• The reaction between sulfates and potassium results in the formation of two molecules of water, represented by the equation SO42- + 2K --> 2K2SO4.
• Theoretical mass can also be used to calculate the volume of a gas produced in a reaction.
• The volume of hydrogen H2 produced from 12 grams of potassium reacts with water at 100 kilo Pascal's of pressure and 298 Kelvin can be calculated using the gas constant 8.314.
• Theoretical mass can be used to calculate the percentage yield of a reaction.
• The number of moles of 23 grams of gold is 0.12 moles, calculated to two significant figures.
• The moles and mass are important concepts in chemistry, used in calculations and understanding the properties of substances.
• The concentration of a solution is represented as moles per centimeters cubed.
• The molecular formula of MgS04 is calculated as MgS04.
• The empirical formula of a compound containing 23.3% magnesium, 30.7% sulfur, and 46% oxygen is MgS04.
• The moles of sodium hydroxide required to neutralize one mole of sulfuric acid is calculated as 2 times by the number of moles of sulfuric acid because the 1 to 2 ratio.
• The molecular formula of a compound can be calculated by dividing the M out of the formula by the M of the molecular formula.
• The volume of sodium hydroxide required to neutralize one mole of sulfuric acid is calculated as 0.118 centimeters cubed.
• The volume of sodium hydroxide neutralized in centimeters cubed is converted into centimeters cubed by multiplying by a thousand.
• The volume of sodium hydroxide neutralized in centimeters cubed is calculated as the number of moles divided by the concentration.
• The simplest whole number ratio of elements in a compound is represented as the empirical formula.
• Titrations can be used to calculate the concentration of an acid or an alkali, for example, by using 0.25 moles of HCL to neutralize 25 centimeters cubed of potassium hydroxide.