3.1 Introduction to organic chemistry

• The general formula is an algebraic formula that can be applied to chemicals in the family of alkanes, alkenes, and alcohols.
• The molecular formula is the actual number of atoms in a molecule or element.
• The empirical formula is the simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound.
• The structural formula is the arrangement of atoms in a molecule without showing any of the bonds.
• In organic chemistry, skeletal formula is used because it can be quicker to draw carbons and hydrogens.
• The homologous series of a group of compounds are those with the same functional group and the same general formula.
• Carboxylic acids end in CAS.
• The carbon chain in a molecule is numbered starting from the lowest possible carbon number.
• Nomenclature, or naming molecules, is governed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).
• Naming a molecule can be done in two ways: one, by numbering the carbon chain starting from the lowest possible carbon number, or two, by numbering the carbon chain starting from the functional group.
• The first step in naming a molecule is to find the length of the stem by counting the longest continuous chain of carbons.
• The molecular formula of an alkene with 23 carbons is C23H46.
• Successive members of the same homologous series increase by CH2.
• Alkenes end in E.
• Aldehydes end in CHO.
• The stem name is the name of the molecule without the functional group.
• The suffix is the ending of the name, which is determined by the functional group.
• Alkanes, which are branched, have an alkyl group such as methyl or ethyl.
• Cyclo alkanes can be named by putting the word 'cyclo' in front of the name and ending it in 'aid'.
• Alcohols end in OH.
• Ketones end in OH.
• The general formula for alcohols is CnH2n+1 or H.
• A curly arrow is used to show the movement of a pair of electrons in a chemical mechanism.
• Chain isomerism is a type of structural isomerism where the carbon skeleton is different but the chain is the same.
• Organic chemistry uses a curly arrow to show the movement of a pair of electrons.
• A chemical mechanism shows the movement of electrons during a chemical reaction.
• Organic chemistry does not require curly hours for free radical mechanisms.
• Positional isomerism is a type of structural isomerism where the position of a functional group is different but the molecular formula and chain are the same.
• Functional groups sit on the lowest numbered fine numbered carbon.
• In a free radical mechanism, the curly arrow does not represent the movement of a pair of electrons, but the formation of a new bond.
• Organic chemistry is all about mechanisms and it's crucial to understand these hours.
• A mechanism shows how an OHA reaction reacts with bromo ething.
• The carbon number of the OHS attached to is placed before the suffix and this is the type of butan one all.
• In the case of more than one identical functional group or sidechain, 'die' or 'tetra' is added to the name.
• Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but a different structural formula.
• Functional group isomerism is a type of structural isomerism where the functional group is different but the molecular formula and chain are the same.
• Side chains and less important functional groups are written as prefixes in alphabetical order.