3.5 Alcohols

Cards (65)

  • Alcohols have the functional group OH, which is called the hydroxyl, and they form the homologous series.
  • All alcohols have an OH group.
  • Alcohols can be primary, secondary, or tertiary.
  • Primary alcohols have one alkyl group attached to a carbon which is bonded to the OH group.
  • Secondary alcohols have two alkyl groups attached to the carbon with the OH group.
  • Tertiary alcohols have three alkyl groups attached to a carbon with the OH group.
  • Separation in step two involves adding water to the distillation product, which dissolves some of the soluble impurities, resulting in a two-layer solution with the cyclohexane layer on top and the impure layer on the bottom.
  • Cyclohexanol is a type of alcohol that can be separated, distilled, and purified using various techniques.
  • Distillation involves heating a mixture of concentrated sulfuric or phosphoric acid and cyclohexanol in a round bottom flask with anti-bumping granules, resulting in a smooth boiling process.
  • Purification in step three involves removing the impure layer from the two-layer solution, leaving behind the valuable product, cyclohexene.
  • Alcohols can be made sustainably from plants by fermentation of glucose.
  • Dehydration of alcohols involves removing water from a molecule, a process also known as dehydration.
  • Dehydration of alcohols can be illustrated using an elimination mechanism.
  • The land used for fuel can be used to grow food, especially in countries where food is in short supply.
  • Converting petrol engines to take fuels with higher levels of ethanol can be costly.
  • During fermentation, air produces two moles of carbon dioxides, which are then released into the atmosphere.
  • Biofuels are renewable and sustainable compared to crude oil and produce carbon dioxide when burnt, making them carbon neutral.
  • During photosynthesis, plants produce the glucose needed for fermentation.
  • The reactions slow at low temperatures and the enzyme is denatured at high temperatures.
  • Ethanol production is net carbon neutral as the plants absorb the carbon dioxide produced when it is burned.
  • Ethanol is made from dead biological matter and is used as a fuel in countries like Brazil due to the abundance of sugar cane.
  • The enzyme prefers to work between 30 to 40 degrees Celsius and this is the optimum temperature of the enzyme to work.
  • Fractional distillation is used to obtain the pure product after fermentation.
  • The rate of reaction is the rate at which we convert glucose into ethanol.
  • Despite using distillation, further separation may be necessary due to impurities remaining in the sample.
  • The reaction of making cyclohexene involves several steps, including distillation.
  • The mechanism of dehydration involves the formation of a CC double bond to stabilize a carbo cation intermediate.
  • A separation funnel can be used to separate the products and remove any water that may be present.
  • The product is collected at the end of the distillation.
  • Dehydration of alcohols is conducted by a distillation, which separates the components out according to their boiling points.
  • The dehydration of non-primary alcohols can result in two different alkenes.
  • A drying agent can be added to the separation funnel to aid in the separation of products and the removal of water.
  • A distillation kit consists of an impure product, a thermometer, a heating element, and a Liebig condenser.
  • Fermentation involves using yeast in anaerobic conditions, producing ethanol and carbon dioxide.
  • The lone pair on the water molecule bonds to the carbocation intermediate, producing a product with three bonds.
  • The mechanism for the hydration of alkenes involves the electrons in the double bonds forming a bond with a hydrogen plus sign, resulting in a carbocation intermediate.
  • The product of the hydration of alkenes is an alcohol, CH3CH2OH, also known as ethanol.
  • Fermentation is a sustainable way of producing alcohol, turning crude oil into ethanol.
  • The positive charge on the carbocation intermediate is stabilized by electrons from the bond between the hydrogen and the oxygen, resulting in a neutral oxygen and a hydrogen that is lost.
  • The yeast in fermentation is an enzyme that converts glucose into carbon dioxide and ethanol, and it has to be at the right temperature to function properly.