3.9 Carboxylic acids and derivatives

• Carboxylic acids contain a carboxyl group, which is a C=O group, and a hydroxyl group, OH.
• Carboxylic acids are named by finding the longest carbon chain and ending it with a weak acid.
• The carboxyl group is always carbon one in a carboxylic acid.
• Ethanoic anhydride is used instead of ethanol chloride in industry because it is safer and less corrosive, and it does not produce HCl gas.
• A cycloid is a nucleophile that attacks the Delta positive carbon on the acid chloride, transferring a pair of electrons from the double bond to the oxygen, forming an intermediate, and then breaking the CCL bond, forming an ester.
• The mechanism applies to the other three reagents: water, ammonia, and primary amines.
• Aspirin is an ester made by reacting ethanoic anhydride with salicylic acid.
• The lone pair on the chlorine atom goes for the hydrogen on the OH group, neutralizing the positive charge, and then the electrons in that bond go into the oxygen to neutralize the positive charge, forming the product, an ester.
• Animal fats are a classic example of fats.
• Fats and oils can be hydrolyzed to produce glycerol and a sodium salt, which is soap.
• Trans isomerization occurs when double bonds are located on different sides of the molecule.
• The carboxyl group must be at the end of the molecule in a carboxylic acid.
• Vegetable oils are also fats.
• Oils are set up like this.
• Fats are esters and can be described as fats.
• Syst isomerization occurs when double bonds are located on the same side of the molecule.
• Lard is a type of fat that is solid at room temperature due to its close packing of chains and higher van der Waals forces.
• Soap is a solid because it has a long hydrocarbon chain and it disintegrates in water to wash off dirt.
• Biodiesel is used to power cars and is made from rapeseed oil.
• Soap is a product made from a long hydrocarbon chain, held together by bonds, and it remains mostly intact because of its structure.
• Biodiesel is a type of fuel made from vegetable oils, which can be converted into biodiesel by reacting the oils with methanol and a potassium ion potassium hydroxide as a catalyst.
• Acid chlorides, also known as acyl chlorides, contain the functional group cocl which contains the acyl group, and are named by finding the longest carbon chain and adding oil chloride at the end.
• The carbon on the acyl group in acyl chlorides is always carbon one, and the acyl group will always be at the end of the molecule.
• Distillation is used to separate substances with different boiling points.
• If the boiling point of the compound you want to separate is higher than the starting mixture, you heat the mixture to the boiling point of the compound and the higher boiling point compound will remain in the flask.
• If the boiling point of the compound you want to separate is lower than the starting mixture, you heat the mixture to the boiling point of the compound and collect it in a separate vessel.
• Carboxylic acids and their derivatives can be used to form a variety of products such as aspirin, soap, biodiesel, and esters.
• Reflux is a technique used to heat volatile liquids without losing the product.
• Distillation is useful when extracting a chemical before it reacts.
• Unhydrated risers are cheaper to use than acid chlorides and are safer as they do not react vigorously with water.
• Amides are produced when ammonia reacts with an acid chloride.
• N-substituted amines are produced when a primary amine reacts with a phenyl chloride.
• Esters are produced when an acid chloride reacts with an alcohol.
• Carboxylic acids react with water to produce a carboxylic acid and HCl gas.
• The four words that can be formed from a cell are carboxylic acids, amides, esters, and n-substituted amines.
• A saturated fatty acid has no double bonds and is massive with a long carbon chain attached.
• Unsaturated fatty acids have at least one double bond and are called polyunsaturated fatty acids if they have more than one double bond.
• Unsaturated fats are the good types of fats which are needed in the diet and are found in things like nuts.
• Saturated fats are the worst types of fats as they can increase the level of bad cholesterol in the blood and lead to heart conditions and stroke.
• Glycerol is an alcohol with 308 groups and is reacted with long-chain fatty acids, which can be saturated or unsaturated.