respiration

• respiration is NOT breathing, it takes place in all planting animal cells, and is the process of transferring energy from glucose
• respiration takes place in the mitochondria
• respiration in cells can take place aerobically with oxygen or anaerobically without oxygen
• aerobic respiration is represented with the equation: glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + energy + water
• the equation for anaerobic respiration in animals and bacteria is: glucose = lactic acid + energy
• the equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and wine/bread respiration is: glucose = ethanol
• anaerobic respiration is a build up of lactic acid in the muscles as well as oxygen debt when we exercise
• the metabolism of an organism is the sum of all the reactions that take place in a cell or in the body
• some of the most common metabolism reactions include: conversion of glucose to starch, the formation of lipid molecules, the use of nitrate ions to form amino acids, respiration and break down of excess proteins.
• the liver produces bile which helps with digestion
• the hepatic artery in our liver helps bring oxygenated blood to the liver and neutralises stomach acid
• the hepatic portal vein is the main blood vessel that carries blood from the small intestine to the liver which breaks down lactic acid into glucose, the glucose can then be converted to glycogen
• the liver detoxifies poisonous substances such as the ethanol from alcoholic drinks
• during exercise our muscles produce lactic acid which can cause muscle fatigue and oxygen debt
• the waste lactic acid produced during anaerobic respiration is transported to the liver to be turned back into glucose
• oxygen debt is the amount of oxygen needed to remove lactic acid from the muscles (happens after exercise)
• our bodies clear oxygen debt by breathing out carbon dioxide in deeper breathing
• respiration is an exothermic reaction as it releases energy from glucose and takes place in the mitochondria of the cell
• respiration transfers energy into a form we can use for living processes it can take place anaerobically (without oxygen) or aerobically (with oxygen)
• the word equation for aerobic respiration is glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water
• the formula equation for aerobic respiration is C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O
• when you exercise your breathing rate increases and your heart rate increases this is because your body needs more oxygen to supply the muscles
• the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plant and yeast cells is glucose = ethanol + carbon dioxide
• anaerobic respiration is yeast is called fermentation
• when we exercise our heart rate increases and the blood vessels dilate to increase blood flow therefore more oxygen and glucose can reach the cells
• organisms need energy for chemical reactions to take place, movement and keeping warm
• what type of respiration is fermentation?

  Anaerobic

  • Anaerobic respiration in microorganisms is called fermentation.
• what is the economic importance of fermentation

  These products are important to our economy for the production of alcoholic beverages, and leavening bread (yeast bread). there is a high demand for these items
• what happens to breath volume when we exercise?

  tidal volume increases as the depth of breathing increases and the rate of breathing increases 
• what happens when our muscles don't have enough oxygen?

  If insufficient oxygen is available to the muscles, for instance the exercise is vigorous and/or prolonged, the heart and lungs are unable to supply sufficient oxygen. Muscles begin to respire anaerobically. Lactic acid is produced from glucose, instead of carbon dioxide and water. Muscles continue to contract, but less efficiently.
• what happens when lactic acid in the body is accumulated?

  causes cramps
• what is metabolism?


  Metabolism is the term used for all the chemical reactions that go on inside an organism's body.
• what does our body use amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol for?

  Your body uses sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, and glycerol to build substances you need for energy, growth, and cell repair.
• what do carbohydrates produce?

  simple sugars
• what do proteins produce?

  amino acids
• what do lipids produce?

  fatty acids
• examples of metabolism

  • Reactions that break substances down.
  • Reactions that produce larger substances from smaller components.
  • Reactions that chemically modify substances.