bonding

• what 2 types can elements be divided into?

  metals and non-metals
• metals form _____ ions

  positive as they lose electrons
• non-metals form ______ ions

  negative as they gain electrons
• what is an element that displays properties of metals and non metals?

  metalloids or semi metals
• what bonding do metals have?

  metallic
• wha bonding to non metals have?

  covalent
• TRUE OR FALSE: metals are bad conductors of electricity

  FALSE
• are non metals good or bad conductors of electricity?

  bad
• what type of oxide do metals always form?

  basic oxides
• what type of oxides do non metals always form?

  acidic oxides
• metals are:

  • usually shiny
  • solid at room temp
  • malleable
  • high melting and boiling points
• non metals are:

  • dull and non-reflective
  • different states at room temp
  • brittle
  • low melting and boiling points
• • The further down the group an metallic element is, the more _____ it can react by losing its outer electron(s)

  easily
• The further down the group a non-metallic element is, the harder it is to react as it is more difficult to attract extra electrons and therefore gain electrons to obtain a full outer shell
• how are elements on a periodic table arranged?

  with increasing atomic number
• verticle column is what?

  groups
• horizontal rows are what?

  periods
• what does a period tell you?

  number of shells
• what does the group tell you?

  number of electrons in outer shell
• what is the electron configuration (using maximums)?

  2.8.8
• what is an ion?

  • An ion is an electrically charged atom or group of atoms formed by the loss or gain of electrons
• where does an ionic bond occur?

  between a metal and a non metal
• what diagram is used to represent ionic bons?

  dot and cross diagrams
• • Advantages of dot and cross diagram:
  • Useful for illustrating the transfer of electrons
  • Indicates from which atom the bonding electrons come from
• Disadvantages of dot and cross diagram:

  • Fails to illustrate the 3D arrangements of the atoms and electron shells
  • Doesn’t indicate the relative sizes of the atoms
• • Advantages of ball and stick model:
  • Useful for illustrating the arrangement of atoms/ions in 3D space
  • Especially useful for visualizing the shape of an ionic compound
• • Disadvantages of ball and stick model:
  • Fails at indicating the movement of electrons
  • The ions are placed far apart from each other, which in reality is not the case as the gaps between them are much smaller
  • The size of the ions is not accurate
  • Ions are held together by electrostatic forces of attraction, not physical bonds
  • The charges on the ions are not shown
• how does covalent bonding work?

  when atoms share pairs of electrons
• do simple covalent molecules conduct electricity?

  no because they dont contain free electrons
• properties of giant covalent structures:

  • high melting/boiling points as they have many strong covalent bonds
  • large amounts of heat energy are needed to overcome these forces and break down bonds
  • cant conduct electricity as they dont have free electrons
• in metallic bonding, the atoms lose their outer shell electrons (become cations).

  • the lost electrons are now delocalised
  • they can move freely move between the positive metal ions and act like a sea of delocalised electrons
  • this allows metals to conduct electricity
• what type of attraction is between the positive metal ions and the negative sea of delocalised electrons?

  electrostatic