NEWD violence in sport

• causes of violence in relation to the performer

  • emotional intensity and importance or results
  • pre-match media hype
  • match officials decisions can create injustice and increase frustration
  • abuse from fans or provocation from opponents
• strategies to prevent violence in relation to performer.

  • punishing performers post match by using video evidence
  • promoting performers with good disciplinary records as role models
  • imposing punishments for violence on field of play
  • introducing education campaigns, e.g 'FA respect campaign'
• hooliganism is an act of vandalism and violence in public places committed especially by youth
• causes of violence in relation to the spectator.

  • emotional intensity and importance of event
  • drug taking and alcohol
  • pre-match media hype
  • poor officiating increasing tension
  • poor policing
• strategies to limit violence in relation to the spectator.

  • control of alcohol sales
  • use of CCTV to identify and eject individuals
  • playing football at early kick-off times
  • imposing deterrents. e.g fines, bans and imprisonment
• how did football hooliganism create negative consequences?

  • decline in participation due to photographic evidence of hooliganism saw less people attend matches
  • teams banned from certain competitions. e.g liverpool banned by UEFA for six years due to fighting with juventus fans
  • costs of security and policing was expensive for clubs in lower tier leagues