Name Reactions

• Ketones can be reduced by LiAlH4 or NaBH4 to give secondary alcohols
• Aldol condensation is the reaction between an aldehyde or ketone with another molecule containing a carbonyl group to form a new carbon-carbon bond.
• The product of an Aldol Condensation is called an Aldol, which has two hydroxyl groups on adjacent carbons.
• In an Aldol Condensation, one molecule acts as the electrophile and the other molecule acts as the nucleophile.
• Iodoform Reaction:

  R-C=O-CH3 + I2 + NaOH -> R-C=O-ONa + CHI3

  Finkelstein Reaction:

  R-X + NaI -> NaX + RI

  Swartz Reaction:

  R-X + AgF -> RF + AgX

  Hundsdiecker Reaction:

  R-COOAg + Br2 + CCl4 -> R-Br + AgBr + CO2

  Saytzeff's Reaction:

  CH3CH2 CHCH3 + KOH -> CH3-CH=CH-CH3 (major) + CH3-CH2-CH=CH2 (minor)

  Sand Meyer's Reaction:

  C6H5N2Cl + Cu2X2/HX -> C6H5X + N2 + HCl

  Gatterman's Reaction:

  C6H5N2Cl + Cu/HX -> C6H5X + N2 + HCl

  Wurtz Reaction:

  R-X + Na/dry ether + R-X -> R-R
• The Williamson Ether Synthesis is used to make ethers from alcohols and halides.
• The Friedel Crafts Alkylation is used to add an alkyl group onto an aromatic ring using an alkyl halide.
• The Friedel Crafts Acylation is used to add an acyl group onto an aromatic ring using an acid chloride.
• The Friedel Crafts Acylation is used to add an acyl group onto an aromatic ring using an acid chloride or anhydride.
• The Sandmeyer Reaction is used to convert nitroarenes into amines by replacing the NO2 group with various groups such as Cl, OH, SH, etc.
• The Gabriel Synthesis is used to prepare primary amines from carboxylic acids via reaction with sodamide and hydrogenation.
• The Sandmeyer Reaction is used to replace the NO2 group on a nitroarene with other functional groups.
• The Sandmeyer Reaction can be performed under mild conditions (room temperature) but requires high pressure.
• The Sandmeyer Reaction uses copper(I) salts as catalysts.
• The Kolbe-Schmitt Reaction is used to synthesize carboxylic acids from aryl halides.
• The Wurtz Reaction is used to couple two alkyl halides together to form a higher molecular weight compound.
• The Grignard Reagent is used to react with carbonyl compounds (aldehydes/ketones) to produce alcohols.
• The Hofmann Rearrangement is used to convert tertiary amides into secondary amines through elimination.
• The Sandmeyer Reaction involves the replacement of the NO2 group on a nitroarene with another functional group.
• Hydroboration oxidation Reaction: CH3-CH=CH3 + (H-BH2)2 -> CH3-CH2-CH2-BH2 + CH3-CH=CH2 -> (CH3-CH2-CH2)2-BH + CH3-CH=CH2 -> (CH3-CH2-CH2)3-B

  (CH3-CH2-CH2)3-B + H2O/3H2O2+OH -> 3CH3-CH2-CH2-OH

  Esterification: ROOH + R'OH + ester/hydrolysis ⇌ R-O-R' + H2O

  Dow's Process: C6H5Cl + NaOH (623K, 200 atm.) -> C6H5ONa + [H+] -> Phenol