Chapter 10

• What is the main topic of Chapter 10?

  Understanding Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination
• What is the consequence of living within groups?

  It separates us from other human beings
• What is a common consequence of group distinctions?

  Prejudice
• How has recorded history been affected by prejudice?

  It is riddled with oppression and violence
• What does the chapter aim to explore regarding prejudice?

  Reasons for intergroup hatred and violence
• How is prejudice defined in social psychology?

  Negative attitude based on group membership
• Why is prejudice viewed negatively?

  It judges individuals without considering attributes
• What is the difference between stereotyping and discrimination?

  Stereotyping is a belief; discrimination is behavior
• What is the definition of discrimination?

  Negative behavior based on group membership
• What is a common justification for prejudice?

  Stereotypes about group traits and attributes
• What does the variability within groups imply about prejudice?

  Assuming traits about all members leads to errors
• What are stereotypes defined as?

  Overgeneralized beliefs about group traits
• How do stereotypes contribute to prejudice?

  They provide justifications for negative attitudes
• What is the relationship between prejudice and discrimination?

  Prejudice often leads to discriminatory behavior
• What is the first fundamental cause of prejudice according to Allport?

  Hostile feelings linked to social categories
• How do people categorize others in social psychology?

  As members of social groups quickly
• What happens when hostile feelings are linked to social categories?

  Prejudice often results from this linkage
• What is the impact of prejudice on intergroup relations?

  It leads to hostility and negative behaviors
• What are the three basic causes of prejudice proposed by Allport?

  • Hostile feelings linked to categories
  • Categorization of people
  • Ethnocentric biases
• What are the characteristics of prejudice that social psychologists assume?

  • Judging individuals negatively without personal attributes
  • Variability exists within large categories of people
  • Leads to violence against innocent individuals
• What are the consequences of discrimination?

  • Cold behavior at social events
  • Denial of opportunities (e.g., loans)
  • Extreme actions like torture and genocide
• How does variability in groups affect prejudice?

  • Assumptions about all members lead to errors
  • Individual differences are often overlooked
  • Generalizations can be misleading
• What is the relationship between self-esteem and prejudice?

  • Higher self-esteem can lead to ethnocentric biases
  • Prejudice can be a defense mechanism for self-esteem
  • Individuals may project insecurities onto outgroups
• What is the significance of the Holocaust in the study of prejudice?

  • It exemplifies the extreme consequences of prejudice
  • It highlights the need for understanding and tolerance
  • It serves as a historical lesson on discrimination
• What emotion do people often feel when frustrated or threatened?

  Hostility
• Why do people categorize others into social groups?

  To quickly assess and respond to them
• How does prejudice often arise according to the study material?

  By linking hostility to social categories
• What might a French man feel after being robbed by another French man?

  Fear and anger towards the robber
• How does the victim's perception change when robbed by an Algerian man?

  Hatred is directed towards Algerians
• What is the effect of encountering outgroup members on emotional responses?

  Group membership becomes more salient than individuality
• What can lead to generalized negative feelings towards a group?

  Negative experiences with individuals from that group
• What phenomenon explains increased prejudice after threatening events?

  Generalization of negative feelings to groups
• How does displaced aggression relate to prejudice during tough economic times?

  Frustrations fuel negative feelings towards outgroups
• What does realistic group conflict theory suggest about negative feelings between groups?

  They arise from competition over scarce resources
• What happens when individuals perceive their group's interests as threatened?

  They express more prejudice towards outgroups
• How can intergroup anxiety perpetuate prejudice?

  It increases feelings of discomfort around outgroups
• What is ingroup bias?

  • Preference for familiar over unfamiliar groups
  • Positive feelings towards one's own group
  • Negative feelings towards outgroups
• What does the mere exposure effect suggest about familiarity?

  Familiarity increases liking for a stimulus
• How does evolutionary perspective explain ingroup preference?

  It was adaptive for survival in small groups
• What happens when thoughts of disease are made salient?

  People become negative towards ethnically different others