General Biology

• Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, responsible for generating energy through cellular respiration.
• Chromatin - DNA, RNA, proteins that make up chromosomes
• Nucleolus - site of ribosome synthesis
• The nucleus is the control center of the cell.
• Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis in the cell.
• Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides are joined together through a condensation reaction.
• Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that break down waste materials within cells.
• The endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein synthesis and lipid metabolism.
• Ribosomes - sites of protein synthesis
• Ribosomes are sites of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells.
• Each cell is carrying a haploid number of chromosomes.
• Characteristics of Mitosis and Meiosis are different.
• In Mitosis, two daughter cells are produced, while in Meiosis four daughter cells are produced.
• The cell division phase in Mitosis requires one nuclear division, while in Meiosis it requires two nuclear divisions.
• Mitosis does not involve synapsis, crossing over, or chiasma, while Meiosis involves synapsis, crossing over, and chiasma.
• Mitosis is associated with somatic cells, while Meiosis is associated with reproductive cells.
• The chromosome number of the daughter cell in Mitosis is Diploid (2n) or haploid (n), while in Meiosis it is haploid (n).
• The chromosome number of the parent cell in Mitosis is Diploid (2n) or haploid (n), while in Meiosis it is Diploid (2n).
• Mitosis requires Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase, while Meiosis requires Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, and Telophase II.
• Stages in Meiosis I and Meiosis II are different.
• The management team is Francis Cesar B. Bringas, Isidro M. Biol, Jr., Maripaz F. Magno, Josephine Chonie M. Obseñares, and Gregoria T. Marvilyn C. Francia.
• Notice the traces of synapsis and crossing over in the chromosomes during meiosis.
• The stages of cell division are Anaphase, Metaphase, Prophase, Telophase, and G1, S, G2 phases.
• The stages in meiosis are: G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase, M phase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis.
• In meiosis, synapsis occurs during the G1 phase, crossing over occurs during the S phase, DNA replication occurs during the S phase, homologous pairs separate during the G2 phase, two daughter cells are created during the G2 phase, chromatids align along the equator during the G2 phase, chromatids move to opposite poles during the G2 phase, and daughter cells divide forming four haploid cells during the M phase.
• Sister chromatids separate and migrate to the opposite pole during anaphase.
• Chromosomes align at the equatorial plane during prophase.
• Meiosis produces two identical daughter cells, occurs in the gonads (testes and ovaries), produces diploid or haploid daughter cells, and aids in the repair of genetic defects.
• The cell prepares for the actual cell division during interphase.
• During interphase, protein and RNA synthesis occur.
• Chromosomes condense and become visible during prophase.
• In meiosis, homologous chromosomes or tetrads align at the equator during the M phase, spindle fibers attach to tetrads through their kinetochores during the M phase, and the cell divides once during the M phase.
• Mitosis produces body cells, ensures genetic stability, divides the parent cell once, produces four daughter cells, gives way to genetic diversity, produces gametes or sex cells, and produces daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the mother cell.
• Cytoplasm completely divides during interphase.
• Daughter nuclei in meiosis have chromosomes with single chromatids.
• This module was designed and written to help students master cellular reproduction.
• The lessons in this module are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course.
• The digestive system consists of anus, esophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestine, rectum, and mouth.
• Anaphase is the last phase of mitosis.
• Crossing-over of homologous chromosomes occurs during meiosis.