Natural increase as a component of population change

• What is population distribution?

  How people are spread over Earth
• What does population density measure?

  Number of people per area (km²)
• What is the crude birth rate?

  Number of births occurring per year
• What is the crude death rate?

  Number of people who die each year
• What is the total fertility rate?

  Children born to a woman in her lifetime
• What is natural increase in population?

  Difference between births and deaths in a year
• What is migration?

  Movement of people from one area to another
• What is replacement level fertility?

  Fertility needed to maintain population size
• What is the infant mortality rate?

  Babies who don't survive to age 1 per 1000
• What is the child mortality rate?

  Babies who don't survive to age 5 per 1000
• What is life expectancy?

  Average number of years a person is expected to live
• What are the key points about world population growth?

  • Population doubled between 1650-1850, 1850-1920, 1920-1970
  • 95% of growth in developing countries
  • Expected to stabilize around 2050-2080
  • Population will fall by the end of the century (except North America and Latin America)
  • Growth rates decreased from 2.2% to 1.2%
• What are reasons for population slowdown?

  • Higher growth rates in LICs than HICs
  • Highest global growth rate was 2.4% in 1960s
  • Declining fertility rates (3.3 in 1990 to 2.56 in 2010)
  • Expected to fall below replacement level by 2050
  • AIDS reduced life expectancy in parts of Asia, Latin America, and Sub-Saharan Africa
• What factors affect death rates in HICs?

  • Lifestyle-related illnesses
  • Wealth affects access to healthy foods
  • Age influences health plans and checks
  • Gender impacts health choices
  • Environmental factors like climate and urban stress
• What factors affect death rates in LICs?

  • High hunger rates in Sub-Saharan Africa
  • Poverty limits access to food and healthcare
  • Low education and dietary understanding for women
  • Environmental challenges like drought and soil erosion
• What is the epidemiological transition?

  • Proposed by Abdel Omran in 1971
  • Shift from high infant mortality in LICs to higher life expectancy in HICs
  • Better sanitation in HICs in the 19th century
  • International healthcare programs improving LICs
• Which country has the highest male life expectancy?

  Switzerland at 81.8 years
• Which country has the lowest male life expectancy?

  Lesotho at 47.4 years
• Which country has the highest female life expectancy?

  Japan at 86.9 years
• Which country has the lowest female life expectancy?

  Lesotho at 54.2 years
• Which country has the highest world life expectancy?

  Japan at 84.3 years
• Which country has the lowest world life expectancy?

  Lesotho at 50.7 years
• What factors contribute to low infant mortality rates?

  • Pre and postnatal care
  • Better sanitation
  • Fewer diseases
  • Vaccinations from NGOs like UNICEF
  • Water availability
  • Higher educated parents
  • Trained pediatric doctors
  • Simple technologies like malaria nets
• How do child mortality rates differ in Yemen and UAE?

  Yemen:

  • Civil war and poor healthcare
  • High malnutrition and poverty
  • Environmental challenges

  
  

  UAE:

  • Wealthier with better healthcare
  • High nutrition levels
  • Cleaner cities and advanced infrastructure
• What does a population pyramid indicate?

  • Wide base indicates high birth rates
  • Concave sides indicate low life expectancy
  • Narrow apex indicates high death rates
• What is the dependency ratio?

  • Balance between working age (15-65) and non-working age (0-14 and 65+)
  • Wealthier countries have lower dependency ratios
  • Formula: (0-14 + 65+) / (15-65)
• What are the limitations of the dependency ratio?

  • Early retirement affects accuracy
  • Doesn't differentiate between elderly and youthful dependency
  • Includes economically inactive individuals
• What are government plans for an elderly population?

  • Pension schemes
  • Care homes
  • Better public transport
• What are government plans for a youthful population?

  • Birth control
  • More jobs
  • Child healthcare
  • Focus on education
• When was AIDS discovered?

  Discovered in 1981
• When was the AIDS virus identified?

  Identified in 1983
• What is the impact of AIDS in Botswana?

  • HIV affects 20%+ of adults aged 15-49
  • Birth rate is 30 per 1000
  • Death rate is 22 per 1000, projected to rise to 36
  • Significant loss in life expectancy due to HIV/AIDS
  • Poor living standards and increase in orphans
• What is the maternal transmission rate of HIV in Botswana?

  • 500 per 100,000 live births transmit HIV from mother to child