Demographic transition

• What is the demographic transition model primarily used for?

  To describe demographic changes in HICs

  
• How does the demographic transition model help governments?

  It allows them to implement population control policies
• What are the stages of the demographic transition model?

  • Stage 1: High birth and death rates
  • Stage 2: High birth rate, falling death rate
  • Stage 3: Falling birth rate, low death rate
  • Stage 4: Low birth and death rates
  • Stage 5: Falling birth rate, low death rate

  
• What is the birth rate in Stage 1 of the demographic transition model?

  High

  
• What is the death rate in Stage 2 of the demographic transition model?

  Falls rapidly

  
• What causes the population growth in Stage 2?

  Improvements in healthcare and nutrition
• What characterizes the population structure in Stage 3?

  Young population structure with falling birth rates
• Why are there no countries in Stage 1 of the demographic transition model?

  Due to famine, disease, and war

  
• What is a criticism of the demographic transition model?

  It is too eurocentric
• What does the demographic transition model fail to account for?

  Changes due to migration
• What is the demographic dividend?

  More working-age people than dependents
• What is the birth rate in Stage 2 for Gambia?

  29
• Why is the birth rate high in Gambia?

  Contraception is discouraged in Muslim culture
• What improvements have contributed to the decreasing death rate in Gambia?

  Child and maternal health improvements
• What is the birth rate in Stage 3 for India?

  19
• What is a reason for the high birth rate in India?

  Only 54% have access to contraception
• What is the death rate in Stage 4 for the UK?

  9
• Why is the birth rate low in the UK?

  Sex education is compulsory in schools
• What is the birth rate in Stage 5 for Japan?

  8
• What is a reason for Japan's low birth rate?

  High cost of raising a child
• What is population momentum?

  Growth continues despite low fertility rates
• What is a population projection?

  Prediction of future populations based on current data
• What is the projected global population for 2050?

  Around 9 billion
• What is a challenge of an ageing population?

  Strain on healthcare and pensions
• What is the global average life expectancy projected to be by 2050?

  76
• What is a disadvantage of a youthful population?

  Increased resource allocation needed
• What is required for the demographic dividend to work?

  Employment, education, and empowerment
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of an ageing population?

  Advantages:

  • Elderly can assist with childcare
  • Contribution to voluntary work

  
  

  Disadvantages:

  • Strain on healthcare and pensions
  • Growing poverty among elderly
  • Potential tax increases needed
• What are the issues associated with youthful populations?

  • Increased resource allocation needed
  • More spending on health and education
  • Potential for high dependency ratios
• What are the characteristics of Brazil's population pyramid from 2000 to 2045?

  2000: High youthful dependency

  2015: Potential for demographic dividend

  2030: Favorable structure for dividend

  2045: Threat of ageing population