Endogenic Process

• Magma is a molten rock that forms beneath the earth's surface.
• Magma formation is the process by which magma is formed.
• Decompression induces melting of rocks because more raw materials are available for melting to occur.
• The sources of Earth’s internal heat include primordial heat and radioactive heat.
• Magma formation does not take place at the Earth’s crust or mantle because it is almost entirely solid.
• Earth’s internal heat powers geological processes and drives plate tectonics.
• Silica has a lower concentration in rock C, while rock D contains a higher concentration of silica and darker minerals.
• Magma is formed when hot rocks in the Earth partially melt.
• Magma is formed in three tectonic settings: crusts, mantle, and mid-ocean ridges.
• Magma mixing occurs when molten rocks go deep towards the center of the earth, molten rocks slowly accumulate and solidify underground, a more buoyant magma overtakes the more slowly rising body, or a less buoyant magma mixes with the more slowly rising body.
• Magma may no longer rise at shallower levels because the temperature is lower, dissolved minerals decreases, the volatiles can readily escape through rock fractures, or its density is almost the same as that of the country rock.
• Magmatic flow is characterized by high water content readily flowing than less dissolved water, low viscosity magma flows more easily than with high viscosity, or high viscosity magma flows more easily than with low viscosity.
• Magma rises because of high viscosity, increased dissolved water and minerals, or magma is denser than the surrounding country rock.
• The Earth’s primordial heat comes from the radioactive elements when the Earth was still developing into a planet.
• Decompression melting occurs in hotspots because rocks near hotspots are very dense that they melt, hotspots have very high temperatures that melt surrounding rocks, or rising hot materials from the mantle experience a decrease in pressure.
• Felsic-rich content forms first in Bowen’s reaction series when temperature decreases.
• Geothermal power plants use the heat in the Earth’s interior to generate electricity.
• Volatiles in magma can decrease viscosity or increase mineral content.
• Olivine and calcium-rich plagioclases form first in Bowen’s reaction series.
• Internal heat of Earth powers most geological processes and drives plate tectonics.
• Dissolution of water in melting hot rocks results in increased viscosity.
• Magma mixing is the process of creating one or more secondary magmas from single parent magma.
• Viscosity is a measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow.
• Magma formation occurs in the Earth’s core, magma chamber, induction zones, and subduction zones.
• Minerals and water are carried by deep magma to the surface of the Earth.
• The Earth’s core is hot enough to keep the mantle moving for the rock cycle to occur.
• The compaction also produces frictional heating, caused by denser core material sinking to the center of the planet.
• Earth's crust is the topmost and thinnest layer, composed like granite, and is the surface that is rigid and firm.
• Earth’s atmosphere is thick and there is the presence of liquid water, which is necessary for the rock cycle to occur.
• Pressure and temperature increase with depth in a planetary body, so minerals that are stable at one depth might not be stable at another depth.
• As heavier elements like iron sunk to the core carrying other elements that bind to it, chemical process takes place that gives off heat as heavy elements like iron and nickel goes deep towards the core separates from silicon and oxygen in the mantle during the core formation.
• Earth's mantle is made up of peridotite and contains iron and magnesium(silicate minerals), being the largest and middle layer, and is brittle and rigid.
• The heat that escapes out into the mantle, causes convection in the rock that moves crustal plates and fuels volcanoes.
• One source of heat in the deep Earth is the remaining heat from when the planet first formed, known as primordial heat.
• The heat generated in the core produces the magnetic field strong enough to shield the planet from the solar wind.
• Earth's core is made up of iron and nickel, with the outer core being liquid and the inner core being solid.
• As the Earth grew heavier, its gravitational field increased, and it began to compact because of the growing mass of largely unconsolidated material, producing frictional heating.
• In the process of planetary growth (accretion) and surface restructuring, large amounts of heat are generated as the objects collide and stick together.
• Another source responsible for the initial heating of planetary evolution are the short-lived radioisotopes that are found in nature continuously created or replaced by natural processes, such as cosmic rays, background radiation, or the decay chain or spontaneous fission of other radionuclides.
• The Earth's crust undergoes gradual but continuous change of rock components as presented by the rock cycle.