1: Biological Molecules

• What is a monosaccharide?

  A single sugar monomer
• Give the most common example of a monosaccharide?

  Glucose
• What are the two versions of glucose?

  Alpha and beta glucose
• How many carbons in glucose?

  Six
• What is the name for the 'shape' of a glucose ring?

  Hexose
• How many carbons in ribose?

  Five
• Is deoxyribose a monosaccharide or a disaccharide?

  Monosaccharide
• What are alpha and beta glucose examples of?

  Isomers
• What is the difference between alpha and beta glucose?

  On the first carbon, in alpha glucose the OH group is below whereas in beta glucose it is above
• What polysaccharides does alpha glucose make?

  Starch & glycogen
• What polysaccharides does beta glucose make?

  Cellulose
• What is a disaccharide?

  Two monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic bond
• What is the name of the bond involved with carbohydrates?

  Glycosidic
• What type of reaction joins to monosaccharides into a dissacharide?

  Condensation reaction
• What type of reaction forms a glycosidic bond?

  Condensation
• Name the three main examples of dissacharides?

  Maltose, sucrose & lactose
• Which two monosaccharides is maltose made from?

  Glucose and glucose
• Which two monosaccharides is sucrose made from?

  Glucose and fructose
• Which two monosaccharides is lactose made from?

  Glucose and galactose
• What is the name of the reaction where a disaccharide is converted into two monosaccharides?

  Hydrolysis
• What is a polysaccharide?

  A complex carbohydrate (polymer) formed by the condensation of many monosaccharides
• What is the monomer of starch?

  Alpha glucose
• What is the monomer of glycogen?

  Alpha glucose
• What is the monomer of amylose?

  Alpha glucose
• What is the monomer of amylopectin?

  Alpha glucose
• What is the monomer of cellulose?

  Beta glucose
• Name the three main polysaccharides?

  Starch, glycogen and cellulose
• Is amylose branched or unbranched?

  Unbranched
• Is amylopectin branched or unbranched?

  Branched
• What type of glycosidic bonds are in amylose resulting in the straight unbranched chain?

  1,4
• What type of glycosidic bonds are in amylopectin resulting in the branched chain?

  1,4 & 1,6
• What are the two main components of starch?

  Amylose and amylopectin
• What is a residue?

  Another word for a monomer, when it is apart of a polymer
• What is the function of starch?

  Main storage carbohydrate in plants
• Give the two main ways starch and glycogen are adapted to their function?

  Compact helical structure so stores high amounts of energy. Branched molecule so easily hydrolysed when needed
• In terms of structure, how does glycogen differ from starch?

  Glycogen is more highly branched and tends to be larger
• What is the function of glycogen?

  The main storage carbohydrate in animals
• Do beta glucose monomers form straight or branched chains in cellulose?

  Straight
• What is the function of cellulose?

  Forms plant cell walls
• What holds cellulose chains together?

  Hydrogen bonding