Child and Adolescent Learners and Learning Principle

• Growth -QUANTITATIVE changes in size, weight number, etc 

  -Observable ( countable or measurable)

  -continues throughout life but stops with the attainment of maturity.

  -one of the parts of development

  -may or may not bring about development
• Development

  -qualitative changes in the quality

  -cannot be measured

  -continuous process from womb  to tomb.

  -Possible without growth.

  -series of orderly progression

  -gradual transformation.
• Maturation

  • Internal ripening
  • The natural growth resulting from heredity
  • It is also called as nature
• Environmental influences / nature

  • In and through which growing takes place
• Interaction

  Influence of nature and nurture
• Principles of development

  1. Development follows an orderly sequence which is predictable.
  2. The rate of development is unique in each individual.
  3. Development involves change.
  4. Early development is more critical than later development.
  5. Development is the product of maturation and learning
  6. Principle of interrelated development
  7. There are social expectations for every developmental period which are often referred to as developmental task.
• Patterns of physical development

  Cephalocaudal pattern - during infancy, the greatest growth always occurs at the top.
• Patterns of physical development

  Proximodistal pattern - muscular control of the trunk and arms comes earlier as compared to the hands and fingers.
• Domains of development

  1. Physical development
  2. Socio-emotional development
  3. Language development
  4. Cognitive development.
• Physical development

  Gross motor development

  • The large muscles in the body such as legs arms and the chest.
• Physical development

  Fine motor development

  • The small muscles such as those in hind finger lips and tongue.
• Socio-emotional development

  • Refers to the development of self-concept and self-esteem as well as the ability to express feelings and form relationships with other people.
  • Changes in personality relationship and emotion
• Self-concept

  • How you view yourself
• Self-steem

  • How you value yourself
• Language development

  • Speech- production of (articulation) and  voice quality
  • Language development - understanding or comprehending (receptive language) and being able to communicate using language (expressive language)
• Receptive language

  • Listening, reading, watching.
• Expressive language

  • Speaking and writing
• Cognitive development

  • Thinking processes such as concentrating , imagining, problem solving using logic, organizing information and using symbols.
• Language and cognitive development are closely linked
• DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS by ROBERT HAVIGHURST, 1972
• A Developmental Task is a task that arises at a certain period in our life, the successful achievement of which leads to happiness and success with later tasks while failure leads to unhappiness, social disapproval, and difficulty with later tasks.
• STAGES OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

  1. Prenatal stage ( conception to birth)
  2. Infancy (birth to 2 weeks)
  3. Babyhood stage (2 weeks to 2 years)
  4. Early childhood ( 3 to 5 years)
  5. Middle and late (6 to 12 years)
  6. Adolescence (13 to 18 years)
  7. Early adulthood (19 to 29 years)
  8. Middle adulthood (30 to 60 years)
  9. Late adulthood (61 years and above)
• PRE-NATAL STAGE (CONCEPTION TO BIRTH) -Involves tremendous growth-from a single cell to an organism complete with brain and  behavioural capabilities -Age when heredity endowments and sex are fixed and all body features, both external and internal, are developed. -Relating to pregnant woman and her unborn baby.

  -Before birth: during or relating to pregnancy.
• THREE PERIODS OF PRENATAL STAGE

  1. Germinal period
  2. Embryonic period
  3. Fetal period
• GERMINAL PERIOD -prenatal development that takes place in the first two weeks after conception. -It includes the creation of the ZYGOTE, continued cell division and the attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall.
• BLASTOCYST -inner layer of cells.

  -develops later into the embryo.
• TROPHOBLAST -outer layer of cells. -provides nutrition and support for the embryo
• EMBRYONIC PERIOD -prenatal development occurs 2 to 8 weeks after conception. (2 weeks 2 months) -the zygote will become EMBRYO
• Layers of the Cell

  ENDODERM -inner layer of the cell. -Becomes the digestive and respiratory systems.
• Layers of Cells

  Ectoderm

  • Outermost layer of the cell
  • becomes the nervous, sensory receptors and skin parts.
• Layers of Cell

   MESODERM -middle layer -develops into circulatory, skeletal, muscular, excretory, and reproductive system
• Life-support systems for the embryo develop

  1. Placenta
  2. Umbilical cord
  3. Amnion
• PLACENTA

  -a life support system that consists of disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and the offspring intertwine but do not join.
• UMBILICAL CORD - contains two arteries and one vein that connects the baby to the placenta.
• AMNION -is a bag or an envelope that contains a clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats.
• ORGANOGENESIS It is the process of organ formation during the first two months of prenatal development.
• FETAL PERIOD

  • last from about 2 months after conception until 9 months when the infant is born.
  •  dramatic course and organ systems mature to the point at which life can be sustained outside of the womb.
• INFANCY -  birth to 2 weeks

  Stage where physical growth develop at first. Note

  •  Shortest of all developmental periods
  •  Infant-suggests extreme helplessness
• Subdivisions of Infancy

  Period of the Partunate or from the time the fetal body has emerged from the mother's body and lasts until the umbilical cord has been cut and tied.
• Subdivision of Infancy

  2. Period of the Neonate or from the cutting and tying of the umbilical cord to the end of second week of the life.