SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY FIRST EXAMINATION (CHP 1-3)

• Psychology is a scientific discipline that studies mental state and processes and behaviour in humans and other animals.
• Injunctive norms are those that are injunctive and that whichever norm people focus their attention on is likely to be more influential.
• Social Psychology is a study of human behavior amidst diverse society.
• Social Cognition is a growing area of social psychology that studies how people perceive, think, about and remember information about others.
• Heuristics are cognitive shortcuts, instead of weighing all the evidence when making a decision, people rely on heuristic to save time and energy.
• Schemas are another key concept in social cognition, it assumes that reality is too complex to easily discern.
• Self-concept is a term referring to the whole sum of beliefs that people have about themselves.
• The ABC's of self include Affect (i.e emotion) how people evaluate themselves, enhance their self-image, and maintain a secure self-identity.
• Behavior: How do people regulate their own actions and present themselves to others according to interpersonal demands.
• Cognition: How do individuals become themselves, build a self-concept, and upload a stable sense of identity?
• Self-efficacy is a belief associated with self-schema.
• Self-perception is a specialized form of attribution that involves making inferences about oneself after observing one's own behavior.
• Social Influence is an overarching term given to describe the persuasive effects people have on each other.
• Experimental methods involve research altering variables in the environment and measuring the effect on another variable.
• Correlating methods examine the statistical association between two naturally occurring variables.
• Observational methods are purely descriptive and include naturalistic observation, contrived observation, participant observation, and archival analysis.
• Social psychology is the scientific study of how a person's behavior, thoughts and feelings are influenced by the real, imagined, implied presence of others.
• Social psychology focuses on individuals rather than groups.
• Social influence is when a person's behavior can be affected by the presence of others.
• Social cognition is when people think about other people.
• Social interaction is when people relate to others.
• The goals of social influence are to choose correctly and behave efficiently (to be right), to gain social approval (to be liked), and to manage self-image.
• Early social psychology studies were conducted in Ancient Greece more than 2000 years ago.
• Plato studied the nature of nonromantic friendship/platonic friendship in Ancient Greece.
• Ancient Greeks based their theories primarily on intuition and logic and generally interested in collecting data to test them.
• In the 19th century, psychology became an independent discipline.
• Psychologists began running experiments and collecting data to see if their hypothesis about human behavior reflected what actually occurred in the real world.
• Self- psychological apparatus that gives a person the capacity to consciously think about him or herself.
• The looking glass self = we see ourselves partially thought the eyes of others, or rather how we think they perceive us.
• William Mcdougall & Edward Ross published the very first social psychology text book entitled "social psychology" in 1908.
• Acquiescence = tendecny to agree with or say "yes" to questions
• Motivated Reasoning= person's mental processing is influenced by her or his desire, feelings or goals.
• Intrinsic Motivation - desire to engage in behavior simply because it is interesting or enjoyable
• Response effect = unintended variations in question responses that stem from procedural aspects or features of the survey instrument, such as the wording of a question or the order of the questions
• Reflected self-appraisals = derive an element of our self-esteem from how we believe they appraise us.
• Extremity bias = tendency to provide answers that are at the extremes of the response options
• Extrinsic Motivation - desire to perform a behavior as a result of external rewards or pressures
• Validity = extent to which a particular measurement tool provides accurate results
• Appraisal Model of stress suggests that stress is a result of how we appraise or interpret situations.
• Surveys = questionnaires that consist entirely of self-report item that administered on paper, computer, online or interviews.