plant organisation

• Xylem


  Transports water and minerals in plants
• Phloem


  Transports sugars and amino acids in plants
• Vascular bundles


  Groups xylem and phloem in plant stems
• Photosynthesis


  Process in plants converting light to energy
• Epidermis


  Outer layer of plant tissue
• Palisade mesophyll


  Leaf layer adapted for efficient light absorption
• Chloroplasts


  Cell organelles for photosynthesis
• Spongy mesophyll


  Leaf tissue for gas exchange
• Transpiration


  Loss of water vapor from plant leaves
• Lignin


  Chemical providing strength to xylem cells
• Translocation


  Movement of food substances in plants
• Multicellular


  Organisms with multiple cells
• Diffusion


  Movement of substances from high to low concentration
• Osmosis


  Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane
• Surface area:volume ratio


  Relationship between surface area and volume
• Hydrogen bonding


  Attraction between water molecules
• Root hairs


  Extensions of root epidermal cells for water absorption
• Active transport


  Movement of molecules against a concentration gradient
• Temperature


  Increasing it boosts molecular movement, enhancing water evaporation
• Humidity


  Decreasing it lowers external water concentration, promoting water diffusion
• Air Movement


  Enhancing it removes water vapor from leaves, aiding water diffusion
• Light Intensity


  Higher levels prompt stomata opening, facilitating water release
• Adaptations


  Plant modifications to withstand extreme environmental factors
• Investigating Transpiration


  Method to measure water loss from leaves using mass change
• Stomata


  Pores on leaf surfaces for gas exchange and water loss
• Petroleum Jelly


  Substance used to obstruct stomata in experiments
• Mean Percentage Decrease


  Average loss of mass in an experiment, calculated for data analysis
• Random Sample


  Selection representing the whole, crucial for accurate stomata counts
• Potometer


  Device measuring water uptake, indicating transpiration rate
• Capillary Tubing


  Tube connected to a plant for water uptake measurement
• Gradient


  Slope of a line graph showing rate of water uptake
• Control Variables


  Factors kept constant in an experiment to isolate specific effects
• Rate of Transpiration


  Speed at which water is lost from plant surfaces
• Environmental Factors


  Elements like temperature and light affecting transpiration rates
• Laboratory Experiments


  Simulations to study plant responses to different conditions
• Distribution of Stomata


  Arrangement and density of stomata on leaf surfaces
• Sampling Techniques


  Methods to count stomata for studying plant adaptations
• Guard Cells


  Cells surrounding stomata, regulating their opening and closing
• Density of Stomata


  Number of stomata per unit area, often per square mm
• Calibrated Microscope


  Microscope with known field of view for accurate measurements