GCSE PE PAPER 1

• State, Give, Identify, Name, Define: Simply say what it is
• Outline: Name and say what it does
• Apply: Provide a sporting example
• Describe: Give characteristics, like you would to describe a person
• Explain: Give detail (Explain it to someone unintelligent)
• Explain how: Give more detail, detailing how it works
• Analyse: Argue about the 'parts' of the discussion point
• Discuss: Argue about both sides
• Evaluate: Argue whether it's important or not, and say why
• Justify: Give reasons why it does what it does
• Suggest: What your thoughts are but with full justification
• Health: 'A state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity'
• Fitness: 'The ability to meet/cope with the everyday demands of the environment'
• Optimum weight: Most 'favourable' or 'best' weight for a person to be. It could be in relation to their specific sport or general lifestyle.
• Factors affecting optimum weight: Height, gender, bone structure, muscle girth and genetics.
• Carbohydrates: Provide quick release energy that is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles. It's converted to glucose through respiration.
• Carbo-loading: Strategy used by endurance athletes to maximise storage of glycogen.
• Fats: An important long term energy source. Provides more energy than carbohydrates but at low intensity exercise.
• Protein: Used for growth and repair of tissue.
• High protein diet: Strategy used by power athletes aid recovery and build muscle mass.
• Vitamins and minerals: Aid the body in working efficiently and maintaining general health.
• Dehydration: Excessive loss of body water, interrupting the function of the body.
• Dehydration effects: Blood thickening, increase in heart rate and irregular heart rhythm, slow reaction time and poor decision making, muscle cramp and fatigue.
• What does the skeleton do?

  Protection: Protect vital organs, muscles and tissue from getting damaged during contact.

  Support: Provides framework for muscles and tissues attached.

  Shape: Skeleton provides our unique shape and height

  Movement: Acts as anchors for muscles and ligaments to pull and work as levers to allow certain movements.

  Mineral Storage: Calcium and phosphorus are stored in the bones.

  Blood Production: In marrow of certain bones they produce red and white blood cells.
• Two types of joints: Hinge (elbow/knee) and Ball and socket (shoulder/hip)
• When 2 or more bones articulate they form a joint. These are referred as synovial joints.
• Hinge joints: Can only move in one place, stable. Example: Elbow, knee and ankle (modified)
• Ball and socket joint: Can move in multiple directions, unstable. Examples: Hip and shoulder.
• 3 Types of Muscles:

  Skeletal (voluntary): Work as we instruct them, make the body move, used for everyday and sporting movement.

  Smooth (involuntary): Work automatically, not under conscious control, work internal organs such as the stomach.

  Cardiac (heart): Special involuntary muscle, only found in the heart, it contracts continuously without trying for the duration of our life.
• Muscles attach to bones with tendons
• Muscles work in pairs, known as antagonistic pairs, working antagonistically.
• Agonist (prime movers)- muscle which contracts and shortens.
• Antagonists: Relaxes and lengthens during movement
• Fulcrum: This is the point where the bone pivots around
• Effort: This is the muscular effort put in by the performer
• Load/resistance: This is the force the performer is trying to overcome (usually an object or the body)
• 1st Class: Fulcrum lies between the effort and the resistance
• 2nd Class: Resistance (load) lies between the fulcrum and the effort.
• 3rd Class: Effort is between the fulcrum and the resistance
• Mechanical advantage: When a lever enables a muscle to use less force to move the resistance/load