cell structure & transport

• What do eukaryotic cells have?

  -cell membrane

  -cytoplasm

  -Genetic material enclosed in a nucleus
• Give 4 examples of a eukaryote

  -animals

  -plants

  -fungi

  -protists
• What do prokaryotic cells have?

  -cytoplasm

  -cell membrane

  -cell wall
• Give an example of a prokaryote

  bacteria
• what is the function of:

  Nucleus

  Contains the cell's genetic material and controls the activities of the cell
• Cytoplasm


  Where most chemical reactions take place

  Its controlled by enzymes
• Cell membrane


  Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell
• Mitochondria


  Where most energy is released by respiration
• Ribosomes


  Where protein synthesis happens
• Cell wall


  Strengthens and supports the cell
• Chloroplasts


  contain chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.
• Vacuole


  filled with cell sap to help keep the cell turgid
• What are specialised cells?


  Cells that are specialized to carry out a particular function
• Give 7 examples of specialized cells

  -nerve cell

  -sperm cell

  -muscle cell

  -palisade cell

  -root hair cell

  -phloem cell

  -xylem cell
• What is a nerve cell?

  cells that carry electrical impulses around the body for rapid communication
• How is a nerve cell adapted?

  -they have long axons to carry information

  -they have synapses to pass an impulse to another cell

  -they have lots of dentrites to make connections with other cells

  -they contain lot of mitochondria to provide energy
• What is a sperm cell?

  Male sex cell that contains genetic information of the male parent and move to reach an egg
• What are the adaptations of a sperm cell?

  -contains lots of mitochondria to transfer energy needed for the tail to work

  -a long tail that moves side to side to help the cell move

  -streamlined shape

  -large nucleus containing genetic information
• what is a muscle cell?

  cells that contract and relax to bring about movement
• How is a muscle cell specialised?

  -they store glycogen that can be used in reparation

  -contains proteins that slide over each other

  -contain lots of mitochondria to transfer energy needed for cells to contract and relax
• what is a palisade cell?

  a photosynthetic cell that carries out photosynthesis
• How is a palisade cell specialised?

  -they have a permeant vacuole to keep the cells rigid

  -contain chloroplasts, containing chlorophyll that absorb light for photosynthesis

  -regular shape so that cells can be closely packed together

  - found in layers in the leaf and outer layers of the stem to absorb as much light as possible
• what is a root hair cell?

  cells that take up water and mineral ions from the soil
• How is a root hair cell adapted for its function?

  -they have lots of mitochondria to transfer energy for active transport of mineral ions

  -they have a large vacuole to speed up the movement of water by osmosis.

  -they have a large surface area for water to enter the cell
• what is a phloem cell?

  cells that make up a tissue to transport food around the plant
• How are phloem cells specialised?

  -the cell walls between the cells break down to form sieve plates

  -they have very few supporting structures

  -they are supported by companion cells

  -the mitochondria of these cells provide energy to the other cell
• What are xylem cells?

  cells that make up a tissue to transport water around the plant.
• How are xylem cells specialised?

  -they have spirals and rings of lignin to make them very strong

  -the cells die and form long hollow tubes
• What is binary fission?

  A form of asexual reproduction in which the parent divides into two approximately equal parts
• name 3 factors that affect the rate of diffusion

  -concentration gradient (the difference in concentrations)

  -the temperature

  -the surface area of the membrane