Work and employment

• Ethnic minority men are over-represented in the unskilled and semi-skilled, low paid and insecure service sector, particularly in the restaurant, transport and retail industries, for example, one in eight taxi drivers in the UK come from Pakistani or Bangladeshi backgrounds.
• In 2016, the unemployment level of White people in the UK was 5% but 9% for people from a Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) background. Specifically, unemployment was highest among those classed on Black/ African/ Caribbean/ Black British (12%).
• In 2016, 4% of White women were unemployed compared with 12% of Black women and 16% of Pakistani/ Bangladeshi background were women.
• Wood found that there is discrimination in favour of white names compared to ethnic names, when it comes to employment.
• Davidson uses the term ‘concrete ceiling’ to show how discrimination prevents ethnic minorities from being promoted. He says white women can break through the class ceiling, but ethnic minority women cannot, which means they face the ‘concrete ceiling’.
• Li found that many Muslim women removed their hijabs or adapted their names to make them sound more English to avoid discrimination in the job market.