EQ3

• Intellectual property - intangible roperty that is the result of creativity can be in the form of patents , copyrights etc.
• advantages of intellectual property - ensures innovations and ideas cannot be stolen and used by others , huge disincentive to innovators as if they were to create something fears of theft of ideas can occur , lots of developing new medicines and technology cannot be copied by others
• disadvantages of intellectual property ; intellectual property of a product to pay royalties to the owner making some things such as vaccines being inaccessible to people due to teh costs , a monopoly system is created where a patent holder can charge whatever they want for the product (disadvantage to developing countries )
• USA-china trade war : the US president donald trump in the year of 2020 imposed a 10% tariff on $360 billion worth of chinese imports. some say tariffs were imposed In order to promote US brands in terms of Chinese dupe products. . china believe the US are deliberately trying to do this to stop china being a huge economic power
• chip war - US is trying to slow the process of chinas semi-conductor industry whihc is vital for smartphones and weapons , US says chinas use of technology poses a threat to its own national security . US citizens hae also been prevented from working for certain chinese chip companies due to a fear of American information being sold to china
• sphere of influence - a physical region where a country belives it obtains all pillars of superpower status in terms of rights . it also extends beyond the borders of its region
• artic oil and gas spheres of influence : the USGS estimates 30% of the worlds undiscovered gs and 13% of oil resources belong in the artic.
• arctic oil and gas spheres of influence ; 160 billion barrels of oils could lay undiscovered in the arctic , many countries have tried to claim parts of the arctic whihc has caused disputes . 3 parties in disputes ( Russia , USA and EU ) , tensions are likely to rise further as a result of global warming and oil in non-arctic regions running low on oil reserves .
• shrinking polar ice has also allowed shipping traffic in the arctic to now rise by 25%
• superpowers are interested in the arctic oil and gas reserves as this can open a new trade route wich can increase economic activity as a result of these oil and gas reserves
• Russian western border : where Russia is widely spoker , Russia considers it there sphere of influence
• due to the collapse of communism and the Soviet Union the growing of independent countries that were apart of this Soviet Union are now tryig to join the EU and NATO to be provided with more political and economic stability howver this has caused tensions with Russia who oppose these ideas
• 1. in 2008 Russia annexed the Georgian regions of southern Russia after a short war
  2. despite being in the EU Finland has never joined NATO as a result fo ear of invasion from russia
  3. conflict between Russia and Ukraine started in February 2014 due to put ins wish to rebuild the soviet union
• china has stated its sphere of influence expands in south east Asia in a policy referred to as the island china strategy. China s actively pursuing a policy to countries close to it that are on the coast , this may be lead to the oil and gas reserves found in these countries
• 2014 -china began construting an airport on reclaimed land on fiery cross reef . 2015- subI reef appeared to be developed as a Chinese military base
• china has the largest navy in the world in terms of teh total number of warships , however largest does not equate to mos powerful . USA is aligned with countries in the south east Asian region such as the phillipeans and Indonesia
• some may say china feels threatened by American naval power .blue water nay needs aircraft carrier capacity the US has this . possible future tensions regarding Taiwan
• Words associated with the relationship between superpowers and developing countries : interdependency ,supply chain , inequality ,domination , exploitation , offshoring and outsourcing ,satellite countries and periphery countries
• chinas involvement in Africa : China has since 2000 invested in Africa making it one of its trading partners , exports , from Africa to china and imports from china into Africa occur on the daily , annual FDI from china to Africa is $10 billion, china has built 2250km of railways in Africa .
• interdependence -the success of a country involves the reliance of one country with another or other countries
• examples of china being dependant on Africa - for African oil , valuable earth minerals
• examples of Africa being dependant on china : increase in imports of Chinese manufactured goods , the provision of stable jobs in industry
• neo-colonial - new from of domination and can be seen as exploitative
• chinas relationship with Africa being a form of neo-colonial challenge : infastructure investments ensure china can export raw materials to Africa as cheaply and efficiently as possible
• chinas relationship with Africa being a form of neo-colonial challenge : skilled jobs are often filled by Chinese migrant workers. estimated to be around 200,000 in 2014
• chinas relationship with Africa being a form of neo-colonial challenge : cheap Chinese imports such as clothes and shoes have undercut many local producers amd forced them out of business
• chinas relationship with Africa being a form of neo-colonial challenge : much of the FDI brings only temporary construction jobs meaning there is fewer long term jobs in mine and oil fields
• chinas relationship with Africa being a form of neo-colonial challenge : aid from china is often tied with FDI
• chinas relationship with Africa being a form of neo-colonial challenge :Extraction of metallic ore coltan is used to manufacture mobile phones found in great supply in Congo . These metal ores are needed by companies such as apple . As a result this has led to much civil war and brutal working conditions .
• chinas relationship with Africa being a form of neo-colonial challenge : in DRC 7 million have been displaced as a result of civil war caused by extensive metal extraction , children are faced to work for as little as £1.50 a day , shell and oils companies have been accused of exploiting the country environmentally as a result of oils spills
• chinas relationship with Africa can be seen as a development opportunity : china has invested heavily in roads , railways and ports to export raw materials ,infrastructure that can be used by Africans themselves
• chinas relationship with Africa can be seen as a development opportunity : Vital jobs are created especially by large transport and industrial projects which allows the modernisation of the economy
• chinas relationship with Africa can be seen as a development opportunity : Chinese factories and mines bring modern working practices ad technology to Africa
• chinas relationship with Africa can be seen as a development opportunity : Chinese finance has funded 17 major HEP projects , 6780 MW of electricity to the continent by 2013
• Chinese FDI in African countries totals to $41 billion annually this value is increasing yearly
• chinas relationship with Africa can be seen as a development opportunity : urbanisation via Chinese stakeholders in order to decreases the effects of deforestation
• Characteristics that make the Middle East a location of tension an conflict : religion , oil and gas , governance , resources and youth
• religion in the Middle East : most of the region is Muslim howver tehre are different kinds such as Sunni and Shia
• oil and gas in the Middle East : 65% of the worlds crude oil exports originate here
• governance in the Middle East ; most of the countries are relatively new srates meaning demoacracy is relative weak in these places allowing the emergenace of terrorist groups such as ISIS