Mathematics can be considered as a language with its own symbols and "grammar", where these symbols may represent various mathematical objects like numbers, sets, or functions.
Learning Outcomes after studying this module include determining whether a statement has truth value, negating simple and compound statements, describing the various forms of the conditional, using truth tables to determine the truth value of a statement, determining whether an argument is valid or invalid using Euler diagrams or truth tables, and illustrating deductive and inductive reasoning.
The fallacy of the inverse is represented by the conditional { [( p → q ) ∧ ~ p ] → ~ q }, where p and q are propositions and the argument is false when p is false and q is true.
The fallacy of the converse is represented by the conditional { [( p → q ) ∧ q ] → p }, where p and q are propositions and the argument is false when p is true and q is false.
The fallacy of ad hominem occurs when an argument is based on the character of the opponent instead of the argument itself, and may involve insulting the opponent to make the opponent's argument seem false.