Open border to migration, such as within the EU since 1995
FDI, encouraging TNC workers to move overseas
Deregulation of some job markets, allowing foreign qualified workers/
Humanitarian crises, like the Syrian civil war and war with Islamic State, which has created large numbers of refugees (5 million in the case of Syria) which have been fleeing to Europe since 2011.
There is evidence in Europe that migration has increased social and political tensions and even led to a rise in extremism.
The UK Brexit vote in 2016 to leave the EU had the scale and pace of immigration as a key area of debate.
Anti-immigration political parties have been rising in popularity since 2010, for example UKIP in the UK, the Front National in France, the Dutch Party for Freedom and Freedom Party of Austria.
In 2014, 51% of the Swiss voted in favour of stopping mass immigration in a national referendum.
