Lect 21

• Type II diabetes is also known as D, and is characterized by a gradual onset and insulin resistance.
• Juvenile diabetes is characterized by irreversible loss of insulin secretion from the pancreas, insulin dependence, and is usually permanent.
• Mineralocorticoids regulate electrolyte and water balance and stimulate the production of ADH (vasopressin).
• Mineralocorticoids increase Na+ reabsorption into the blood and promote excretion of K+ and H+ into the urine.
• Aldosterone, a mineralocorticoid, is deficient in Addison’s disease.
• Excess aldosterone can lead to hypertension and heart failure.
• Aldosterone antagonists increase Na+ reabsorption into the blood and promote excretion of K+ and H+ into the urine, thus regulating blood pressure.
• Methimazole suppresses the synthesis of T3 and T4, has rapid GI absorption, no significant protein binding, and its T1/2 elimination is about 6 hours.
• PTH regulates Ca ++ homeostasis, and Ca ++ functions in bone growth and remodeling, secretion (exocytosis), stabilization of membrane potential, and as an enzyme co-factor (factor IV).
• Calcitriol is a type of hormonal imbalance.
• Vitamin D makes PTH more effective.
• Hyperthyroidism may be induced by the treatment of Ipodate.
• Parathyroid glands contain parathyrin.
• Levothyronine is T3 and is used for replacement therapy.
• Hyperparathyroidism is seen in dogs, and less commonly, in cats.
• Levothyroxine is T4 and is used for replacement therapy.
• Hypoparathyroidism is seen in dogs and cats, and is rare in horses.
• Calcitonin (CT) opposes the effects of PTH.
• Ipodate is a radioactive iodine (Na 131 I) that emits β-particles and X-ray to destroy thyroid follicles.
• Parathyroid (PTH) disorders include Hypoparathyroidism, characterized by insufficient PTH secretion and hypocalcemia, and Hyperparathyroidism, characterized by overproduction of PTH and hypercalcemia.
• Thyroid hormones play a crucial role in the body's metabolic processes and their function is influenced by iodine and the mechanism of action.
• Thyroid disorders can be treated with thyroid and anti-thyroid agents.
• Glucocorticoids control many body functions, including heart rate, temperature, metabolism (Ca++), brain development and bone maintenance.
• Symptoms of poor appetite and lethargy are common in dogs.
• Canrenone is a diuretic metabolite of spironolactone.
• Aldosterone Antagonists are used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure and other conditions where the body remains excess fluid (edematous states).
• Aldosterone Antagonists cause hypertension due to their effects on CVS, including left ventricular hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis.
• Vomiting and diarrhea are also common symptoms in dogs.
• The sodium-retaining (mineralocorticoid) effect of cortisone is equivalent to 500 mg, hydrocortisone is 1.0 mg, prednisolone is 4 mg, methylprednisolone is 5 mg, triamcinolone is 4 mg, and dexamethasone is 0.75 mg.
• The equivalent dosage for the anti-inflammatory effect of cortisone is 0.8 mg, hydrocortisone is 1.0 mg, prednisolone is 4 mg, methylprednisolone is 5 mg, triamcinolone is 4 mg, and dexamethasone is 0.75 mg.
• Eplerenone antagonizes the MR (does not bind to PR or AR).
• Spironolactone is a competitive aldosterone antagonist that decreases Na+ reabsorption and K+ excretion.
• The anti-inflammatory (glucocorticoid) effect of cortisone is equivalent to 0.8 mg, hydrocortisone is 1.0 mg, prednisolone is 4 mg, methylprednisolone is 5 mg, triamcinolone is 4 mg, and dexamethasone is 0.75 mg.
• The parathyroid gland is responsible for calcium homeostasis.
• Parathyroid disorders can be treated with agents for the treatment of hypocalcemia.
• The endocrine pancreas produces insulin, which plays a crucial role in the body's metabolic processes.
• Insulin treatment and glucose monitoring are important in managing diabetes mellitus.
• Mineralocorticoids increase Na+ reabsorption into the blood and promote excretion of K+ and H+ into the urine, thus regulating blood pressure.
• Metformin is not safe for use in cats with kidney insufficiency.
• Metformin is used in cats with non-insulin dependent DM, usually in combination with other medications.