Lect 23

• Induction and Suppression of Estrus/Libido in animals involves techniques such as synchronization, "short-cycling", estrus suppression, manipulation of ovarian follicular dynamics, superovulation, induction of ovulation, and induction of abortion/parturition.
• Give birth during the day? is a technique used in mammals to induce estrus.
• Mismating is a technique used in mammals to suppress estrus.
• Mummification is a technique used in mammals to suppress estrus.
• Diagnosis of Cryptorchidism/Ovarian Remnant in animals can be done through techniques such as ultrasound and X-ray.
• Treatment of Selected Reproductive Diseases/Conditions in animals can involve drugs such as Prostate, Mammary glands, Pyometra, and Overt pseudopregnancy.
• Extra-Label Drug Use (ELDU) in Animals is prohibited, and should refer to the Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act (AMDUCA).
• Cabergoline is available as a generic 0.5 mg tablet.
• A 3 kg Chihuahua would require a compounding pharmacy dose as low as 12.5 μg/mL and 3.7 μg/capsule.
• Cabergoline is administered at a dosage of 5 μg/kg, PO, SID, for 5 - 10 days.
• The side effect of cabergoline is usually safe, but may cause vomiting.
• Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) is used in horses for inducing ovulation.
• In the European Union (EU), Australia, and New Zealand, Suprelorin is registered under the brand name Suprelorin for the long-term suppression of fertility in adult male dogs.
• In the USA, Suprelorin F is an FDA Indexed Product, to manage adrenal disease in sterilized and sexually intact male and female ferrets.
• The mechanism of action (MOA) of drugs used in Pharmacotherapeutics of the Reproductive System in Animals involves functional mimicry, negative feedback, and down-regulation.
• PGF2α is used for cervical dilation in cattle.
• Mares ovulate 36 (24 - 48) hours after injection.
• Dexamethasone (20 - 30 mg) or flumethasone (8 - 10 mg) is administered IM in cattle, 24 – 72 hours before induction.
• Aglepristone (progesterone antagonist) is not commonly used for induction of abortion in dogs.
• Induction of Parturition involves checking for signs of readiness first.
• Dexamethasone (20 - 30 mg) or flumethasone (8 - 10 mg) is administered IM in dogs, 24 – 72 hours before induction.
• Sows can be induced with PGF2α and oxytocin, after 112 days of gestation.
• Fetal maturation has been successfully induced using dexamethasone (100 mg q 24 h for 3 days).
• Dinoprost (25 - 30 mg) or cloprostenol (500 μg) is administered IM in cattle, 24 – 72 hours before induction.
• Mares can be induced with low doses of oxytocin (2.5 – 3.5 IU).
• “Superovulation” is the process of inducing to ovulate multiple follicles (superovulation) so that embryos can be transferred to multiple recipient animals to increase the number of progeny.
• Induction of diestral ovulation can be done in mares if there is a dominant follicle during diestrus.
• Oxytocin can be used endogenously to prolong the luteal phase in mares, twice a day on days seven to 14 after ovulation.
• GnRH analogues are used for the induction and suppression of estrus/libido in horses.
• eCG/PMSG has a long half life, for example, 40 hours in cows, which can lead to prolonged ovarian stimulation and reduced embryo quality.
• Only progesterone and altrenogest are reliable in mares for the prolongation of the luteal phase.
• P.G.600® is a combination of eCG and hCG, with 400 IU of eCG and 200 IU of hCG.
• Gonadotropins are used for the induction and suppression of estrus/libido in horses.
• Prolonging the anestrus in female dogs can be done with androgens like Mibolerone and others, and progestin like Megestrol acetate, which is FDA approved but beware of the side effects.
• Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) is an option for superovulation, for example, pFSH (Follotropin®-V), with a short half life of < five hours in cows.
• Prolonging the luteal phase can be done exogenously with progesterone/progestins, controlled internal drug release (CIDR) devices, oral, injection.
• Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is used for the suppression of estrus/libido in horses.
• Pre- and post-injection paired samples are required for the GnRH- or hCG-Response Test.
• Overt Pseudopregnancy in dogs is a condition, rarely seen in cats, characterized by nesting behavior and mammary gland development.
• Cabergoline is used to lower prolactin levels, which are luteotropic in the 2nd half of gestation.